Pachydactylus
Pachydactylus
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2019) |
| Thick-toed geckos | |
|---|---|
 | |
| P. oshaughnessyi at Lusaka, Zambia | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Gekkonidae |
| Subfamily: | Uroplatinae |
| Genus: | Pachydactylus Wiegmann, 1834[1] |
| Synonyms | |
Pachydactylus is a genus of insectivorous geckos, lizards in the family Gekkonidae. The genus is endemic to Africa, and member species are commonly known as thick-toed geckos. The genus also displays rich speciation, having 57 distinct species identified when compared to other closely related gecko genera like Rhoptropus, most of which have emerged since 35Ma.[4] It has been suggested that the reason for this rich speciation not from adaptive radiation nor nonadaptive radiation, but that the genus represents a clade somewhere between the two drivers of speciation.[5] P. bibronii geckos have been used by NASA as animal models for experimentation.[6]
Description[edit]
The genus Pachydactylus is characterized by dilated toe tips, usually with undivided scansors. Body scales are small, granular and non-overlapping, with scattered, large keeled tubercles.[citation needed]
Coloration of Pachydactylus species varies, but is generally drab in color.[5]
Presence of adhesive toe pads varies by species and habitat, with rock dwelling species of Pachydactylus retaining adhesive pads, but unambiguous independent loss of toe pads in sand dwelling and burrowing species like P. rangei.[4]
Body size in Pachydactylus varies across the 57 species, ranging from 35 to 115mm Snout-Vent Length (SVL)[7] with the ancestral condition of a larger body size with adhesive toe pads to suit a generalist habitat.[5]
Behavior[edit]
All observed species of Pachydactylus are strictly nocturnal.[5]
Habitat[edit]
Pachydactylus species live in a diverse range of habitats across Southern Africa. Habitat varies by species, with some species preferring generalist habitats, human dwellings, rock-dwellings, and sand dwellings. Habitat preference typically varies by body size and retention of toe pads, which varies across the genus.[5][4] The body size of Pachydactylus geckos has been shown to correlate with their habitat range.[8]
Diet[edit]
Lizards of the genus Pachydactylus feed mainly on arthropods, but have been observed eating small vertebrates.[9]
Geographic range[edit]
The geographic range of the genus Pachydactylus is centered on Southern Africa, with some species reaching East Africa, the northernmost limit of their distribution.[citation needed] In South Africa's rugged Richtersveld region, Pachydactylus geckos comprised 13 of 18 all gecko species surveyed.[10]
Species[edit]
There are 57 species that are recognized as being valid:[11]
- Pachydactylus acuminatus V. FitzSimons, 1941
- Pachydactylus affinis Boulenger, 1896 – Transvaal thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus amoenus F. Werner, 1910
- Pachydactylus angolensis Loveridge, 1944 - Angola large-scaled gecko, Angolan thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus atorquatus Bauer, Barts & Hulbert, 2006
- Pachydactylus austeni Hewitt, 1923 – Austen's thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus barnardi V. FitzSimons, 1941 – Barnard's thick-toed gecko[12]
- Pachydactylus bicolor Hewitt, 1926 – velvety thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus boehmei Bauer, 2010
- Pachydactylus capensis (A. Smith, 1846) – Cape thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus caraculicus V. FitzSimons, 1959 – Angola banded thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus carinatus Bauer, Lamb & Branch, 2006
- Pachydactylus etultra Branch, Bauer, Jackman & Heinicke, 2011
- Pachydactylus fasciatus Boulenger, 1888 – banded thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus formosus A. Smith, 1849 – Smith's thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus gaiasensis Steyn & J. Mitchell, 1967 – Brandberg thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus geitje (Sparrman, 1778) – ocellated thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus griffini Bauer, Lamb & Branch, 2006
- Pachydactylus haackei Branch, Bauer & Good, 1996 – Haacke's thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus katanganus de Witte, 1953
- Pachydactylus kladaroderma Branch, Bauer & Good, 1996 – thin-skinned thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus kobosensis V. FitzSimons, 1938
- Pachydactylus kochii (V. FitzSimons, 1959)
- Pachydactylus labialis V. FitzSimons, 1938 – Calvinia thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus latirostris Hewitt, 1923 – quartz gecko
- Pachydactylus macrolepis V. FitzSimons, 1939 – large-scaled banded gecko
- Pachydactylus maculatus Gray, 1845 – spotted thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus maraisi Heinicke, Adderly, Bauer & Jackman, 2011
- Pachydactylus mariquensis A. Smith, 1849 – Marico thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus mclachlani Bauer, Lamb & Branch, 2006
- Pachydactylus monicae Bauer, Lamb & Branch, 2006
- Pachydactylus montanus Methuen & Hewitt, 1914
- Pachydactylus namaquensis (Sclater, 1898) – Namaqua thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus oculatus Hewitt, 1927 – golden spotted thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus oreophilus McLachlan & Spence, 1967 – Kaokoveld thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus oshaughnessyi Boulenger, 1885
- Pachydactylus otaviensis Bauer, Lamb & Branch, 2006
- Pachydactylus parascutatus Bauer, Lamb & Branch, 2002
- Pachydactylus punctatus W. Peters, 1854 – speckled thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus purcelli Boulenger, 1910
- Pachydactylus rangei (Andersson, 1908) – Namib sand gecko
- Pachydactylus reconditus Bauer, Lamb & Branch, 2006
- Pachydactylus robertsi V. FitzSimons, 1938
- Pachydactylus rugosus A. Smith, 1849 – rough thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus sansteynae Steyn & Mitchell, 1967 – San Steyn's thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus scherzi Mertens, 1954 – Sherz's thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus scutatus Hewitt, 1927 – large-scaled thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus serval F. Werner, 1910 – western spotted thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus tigrinus Van Dam, 1921 – tiger thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus tsodiloensis Haacke, 1966 – Tsodilo thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus vansoni V. FitzSimons, 1933 – Van Son's thick-toed gecko
- Pachydactylus vanzyli (Steyn & Haacke, 1966)
- Pachydactylus visseri Bauer, Lamb & Branch, 2006
- Pachydactylus wahlbergii W. Peters, 1869
- Pachydactylus waterbergensis Bauer, Lamb & Branch, 2003
- Pachydactylus weberi Roux, 1907 – Weber's thick-toed gecko[12]
- Pachydactylus werneri Hewitt, 1935
Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Pachydactylus.
References[edit]
- ^ "Pachydactylus ". ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System). www.itis.gov.
- ^ Species Pachydactylus wahlbergii at The Reptile Database . ("Colopus wahlbergii PETERS 1869 is the type species of the genus Colopus.")
- ^ Species Pachydactylus rangei at The Reptile Database . ("Palmatogecko rangei [ANDERSSON 1908] is the type species of the genus Palmatogecko.")
- ^ a b c Gamble T, Greenbaum E, Jackman TR, Russell AP, Bauer AM (2012-06-27). "Repeated origin and loss of adhesive toepads in geckos". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e39429. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739429G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039429. PMC 3384654. PMID 22761794.
- ^ a b c d e Heinicke MP, Jackman TR, Bauer AM (January 2017). "The measure of success: geographic isolation promotes diversification in Pachydactylus geckos". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 9. doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0846-2. PMC 5225572. PMID 28077086.
- ^ Gulimova, V. I.; Nikitin, V. B.; Asadchikov, V. E.; Buzmakov, A. V.; Okshtein, I. L.; Almeida, E. a. C.; Ilyin, E. A.; Tairbekov, M. G.; Saveliev, S. V. (July 2006). "NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)". Journal of Gravitational Physiology. 13 (1). Retrieved 2021-04-16.
- ^ Branch W (1998). Field Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Sanibel, FL: Ralph Curtis Books. ISBN 0883590425.
- ^ Gaston KJ, Blackburn TM (1996). "Global Scale Macroecology: Interactions between Population Size, Geographic Range Size and Body Size in the Anseriformes". Journal of Animal Ecology. 65 (6): 701–714. doi:10.2307/5669. ISSN 0021-8790. JSTOR 5669.
- ^ Pianka ER, Huey RB (1978). "Comparative Ecology, Resource Utilization and Niche Segregation among Gekkonid Lizards in the Southern Kalahari". Copeia. 1978 (4): 691–701. doi:10.2307/1443698. ISSN 0045-8511. JSTOR 1443698.
- ^ Bauer AM. "The herpetofauna of the Richtersveld National Park and the adjacent northern Richtersveld, Northern Cape Province, Republic of South Africa". Herpetological Natural History. 8: 111–160 – via Researchgate.
- ^ "Pachydactylus ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
- ^ a b Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5.
Pachydactylus barnardi, p. 17; P. weberi, p. 280
Further reading[edit]
- Bauer AM, Lamb T, Branch WR (2006). "A revision of the Pachydactylus serval and P. weberi groups (Reptilia: Gekkota: Gekkonidae) of Southern Africa, and with the description of eight new species". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 57 (23): 595–709.
- Boulenger GA (1885). Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History. Vol. I. Geckonidæ ... (Second ed.). London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). pp. xii + 436 pp. + Plates I-XXXi.
(Genus Pachydactylus, p. 200)
- Branch B (2004). Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa (Third Revised edition, Second impression ed.). Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. p. 399. ISBN 0-88359-042-5.
(Genus Pachydactylus, pp. 249–250)
- Wiegmann AF (1834). "Herpetologia Mexicana, seu descriptio amphibiorum Novae Hispaniae, quae itineribus comitis Sack, Ferdinandi Deppe et Chr. Guil. Schiede". Museum Zoologicum Berolinense pervenerunt. Pars prima, saurorum species amplectens. Adiecto systematis saurorum prodromo, additisque multis in hunc amphibiorum ordinem observationibus (in Latin). Berlin: C.G. Lüderitz. pp. vi + 54 pp. + Plates I-X.
(Pachydactylus, new genus, p. 19)
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