Skip to main content

North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement

North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from NARBA)
Jump to navigation Jump to search

The North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA, Spanish: Convenio Regional Norteamericano de Radiodifusión) refers to a series of international treaties that defined technical standards for AM band (mediumwave) radio stations. These agreements also addressed how frequency assignments were distributed among the signatories, with a special emphasis on high-powered clear channel allocations.

The initial NARBA bandplan, also known as the "Havana Treaty", was signed by the United States, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti on December 13, 1937, and took effect March 29, 1941. A series of modifications and adjustments followed, also under the NARBA name. NARBA's provisions were largely supplanted in 1983, with the adoption of the Regional Agreement for the Medium Frequency Broadcasting Service in Region 2 (Rio Agreement), which covered the entire Western hemisphere. However, current AM band assignments in North America largely reflect the standards first established by the NARBA agreements.

Background[edit]

Organized AM (mediumwave) radio broadcasting began in the early 1920s,[1] and the United States soon dominated the North American airwaves, with more than 500 stations by the end of 1922. Due to a change in the ionosphere after the sun sets, nighttime signals from AM band stations are reflected for distances extending for hundreds of kilometers. This is valuable in providing radio programming to sparsely settled areas using high-powered transmitters. However, it also leads to the need for international cooperation in station assignments, to avoid mutually interfering signals.

In an effort to rationalize assignments, a major reallocation went into force in the U.S. on November 11, 1928, following the standards set by the Federal Radio Commission's (FRC) General Order 40. At that time, the AM band was defined as 96 frequencies, running in 10 kilocycle-per-second (kHz) steps from 550 to 1500 kHz, which were divided into what became known as "Local", "Regional", and "Clear Channel" frequencies. The only provision the FRC made addressing international concerns was that six frequencies — 690, 730, 840, 910, 960, and 1030 — were designated for exclusive Canadian use. On May 5, 1932, through an exchange of letters, the U.S. and Canada informally endorsed and expanded the 1928 standards, including recognition of Canadian use of 540 kHz.[2] During the 1930s, Canada also began using 1510 kHz, while in 1934 the U.S. authorized two experimental high-fidelity stations on each of 1530 and 1550 kHz.[3] By 1939, Cuban stations existed on frequencies as high as 1600 kHz.[4]

As other countries, especially Mexico and Cuba, developed their own radio broadcasting services, the need arose to standardize engineering practices, reduce interference, and more fairly distribute clear channel assignments. Moreover, the development of better frequency control, and especially directional antennas, made it possible for additional stations to operate on the same or close by frequencies without significantly increasing interference. A key objective for the United States was that, in exchange for receiving clear channel assignments, Mexico would eliminate the high-powered English-language "border blaster" stations that had been directing their programming toward the U.S. and causing significant interference to U.S. and Canadian stations.[5] However, an initial international meeting held in Mexico City in the summer of 1933 failed, primarily due to a lack of agreement over how many clear channel frequencies would be assigned to Mexico.[2]

1937 "Havana Treaty"[edit]

WLS, Chicago, advertisement promoting its March 29, 1941, move from 870 to 890 kHz[6]
Radio dealer advertisements soliciting customers needing help in resetting the mechanical push buttons on their console receivers.[7]

In 1937, a series of radio conferences, this time successful, was held in Havana, Cuba, and the initial NARBA agreement was signed on December 13, 1937 by representatives from the United States, Canada, Cuba, Mexico, the Dominican Republic and Haiti.[8] The most significant change was the formal addition of ten broadcasting frequencies, from 1510 to 1600 kHz, with the 106 available frequencies divided into Clear Channel (59 frequencies), Regional (41) and Local (6) designations.[9] The official lower limit remained at 550 kHz, as it was not possible to add stations at the bottom of the broadcast band due to the need to protect 500 kHz — a maritime international distress frequency — from interference. (Although operation on 540 kHz was not covered by the Agreement, unofficially it became an additional Canadian clear channel frequency.)[10]

Under the Agreement, most existing stations operating on 740 kHz or higher would have to change frequencies. Open frequencies were created throughout the band by "stretching out" the existing assignments, achieved by following a table which in most cases moved all the stations on a common frequency to a new, higher, dial position. This provided gaps of unassigned frequencies, most of which became clear channels allocated to Mexico and Canada. A majority of the frequency shifts were limited to between 10 and 30 kHz, which conserved the electrical height of a station's existing vertical radiator towers, an important factor for readjusting directional antenna parameters to accommodate the new frequency.[11]

Individual stations were specified to be Class I, II III or IV, with the class determining the maximum power a station could use and its interference protection standards. In all of the participating countries Class I and II stations were exclusively assigned to Clear Channel frequencies, while Class III was synonymous with a Regional frequency assignment. In the United States, Class IV stations were only assigned to Local frequencies, although in other countries they were assigned to both Local and Regional ones.[12] A major change was the provision that some clear channels were allocated to be used simultaneously by two stations — those maintaining sole use of a frequency were classified as Class I-A, while stations sharing a clear channel were known as Class I-B.[13] The Agreement assigned six Class I-A frequencies each to Mexico and Canada, and one to Cuba.[14]

Reflecting the existence of improved radio design, the Agreement also reduced the "same market" minimum frequency separation from 50 to 40 kHz. (Mexico elected to further adopt a 30 kHz "same market" spacing, unless this was in conflict with an adjoining nation's "border zone" allocations.) This closer spacing was particularly important in the case of the two highest Local frequencies, 1420 and 1500 kHz, as stations on these frequencies were being moved to 1450 and 1490 kHz, a 40 kHz separation.[11]

According to the Agreement's provisions, its implementation was to take place within one year after its adoption by the pact's four main signatories — the United States, Canada, Cuba and Mexico. Cuba was the first to ratify, on December 22, 1937, and was followed by the U.S. on June 15, 1938 and Canada on November 29, 1938. While waiting on Mexico, in 1939 the U.S. and Canada completed a frequency agreement based on the treaty standards. Mexico finally approved the treaty on December 29, 1939,[15] and work commenced on adopting its wide-ranging provisions.

March 29, 1941 implementation[edit]

See also: Canadian allocations changes under NARBA

An engineering conference, with representatives from the U.S., Canada, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Mexico, was held from January 14–30, 1941 in Washington, D.C., in order to coordinate the upcoming changes. With a few exceptions the frequency shifts were scheduled to be implemented at 0800 Greenwich Mean Time (3 a.m. E.S.T.) on March 29, 1941, which was informally known as "moving day".[16] (Philadelphia stations petitioned mayor Robert Lamberton to declare a "Radio Moving Day", but he refused on the grounds that "My experience has been that proclamations by the mayor mean just exactly nothing and I issue as few as I can.")[17]

The frequency changes affected "about a thousand stations in seven countries".[18] The following chart reviews the assignments before and after March 29, 1941, including information about individual U.S. and Canadian stations, and summarizes the most significant changes:

Old Freq.[19]
(kHz) 		Station(s) Moved
(kHz) 		New Freq.[20]
(kHz) 		Notes
— new Canadian clear 540 allocated to CBK later shared with Mexico
550–680 all unchanged 550–680
690 all, except CFRB unchanged 690 Canadian clear
CFRB 860
700–720 all unchanged 700–720
730 all, except CFPL unchanged 730
CFPL — 1570
— new Canadian clear 740 allocated to CBL which moved from 840
740–780 all up 10 750–790
— new Mexican clear 800 allocated to XELO
790–830 all up 20 810–850
840 CBL — 740
— new Canadian clear 860 allocated to CFRB
850–870 all up 20 870–890
— new Mexican clear 900
880–970 all up 30 910–1000
— new Canadian clear 1010 allocated to CFCN (now CBR) which moved from 1030
980 KDKA up 40 1020
990 WBZ up 40 1030
1000 WHO up 40 1040
1010 WHN (now WEPN) up 40 1050
KQW (now KCBS) 740
WNAD (now KWPN) 640
WNOX (now WNML) 990
— new Mexican clear 1050
1020 KYW up 40 1060
1030 CFCN (now CBR) down 20 1010
CKLW 800
1040 WTIC
KRLD
KWJJ (now KFXX) 		up 40 1080
1050 KNX up 20 1070 shared with CBA (now silent)
1060 WBAL up 30 1090
WJAG up 40 1110 this was later traded for 780 with KFAB
1070–1150 all up 30 1100–1180
1160 WOWO up 30 1190
WWVA up 10 1170
1170 WCAU (now WPHT) up 40 1210
1180 KEX up 10 1190
KOB (now KKOB) 770 Initially assigned to 1030. Changed to 770, November 1941.
WDGY (now KTLK) down 50 1130
WINS 1010
1190 WOAI up 10 1200
WSAZ (now WRVC) 930
WATR 1320
— new Mexican clear 1220 allocated to XEB
1200–1450 all up 30 1230–1480
1460 KSTP
WJSV (now WFED) 		up 40 1500
1470 KGA
WLAC
WMEX 		up 40 1510
1480 KOMA
WKBW (now WWKB) 		up 40 1520
1490 KFBK
WCKY 		up 40 1530
1500 all down 10 1490
1510 CKCR (later CHYM) down 20 1490
— new Bahamian clear 1540 allocated to ZNS-1 shared with KXEL
— new Canadian/Mexican clear 1550 allocated to CBE (now CBEF) and XERUV, both stations "grandfathered" at 10 kW
1530 W1XBS to WBRY
(later WTBY, then WQQW; now dark) 		up 60 1590 Since 1934 U.S. frequencies above 1500 had been allocated only to four experimental stations that broadcast with a signal 20 kHz wide for "high fidelity." The stations were converted to regular broadcasting with the NARBA frequency move, having already been allowed to choose normal call signs in 1936.[21]
W9XBY to KITE
(now dark) 		up 20 1550
1550 W2XR to WQXR
(now WFME) 		up 10 1560
W6XAI to KPMC
(now KNZR) 		up 10 1560
— new Mexican clear 1570 allocated to XERF
— new Canadian clear 1580 allocated to CBJ
— new regional channels 1590–1600 1590–1700 after "Rio"

Refinements[edit]

A series of modifications would follow the initial treaty, which was scheduled to expire on March 29, 1946. In early 1946, a three-year interim agreement gave Cuba expanded allocations, including the right to share five U.S., three Canadian, and two Mexican clear channel allocations, plus operate high-powered stations on some regional frequencies. The changes also resulted in the Bahamas being granted use of the 1540 kHz Clear Channel by the U.S.[22]

The interim agreement expired on March 29, 1949, and there was great difficulty in agreeing on a replacement, in particular due to Mexican objections, which led to two failed conferences. A new NARBA agreement, to be effective for five years after ratification, was finally signed at Washington, D.C. on November 15, 1950, for the Bahamas, Canada, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica and the United States.[23] Mexico, which had withdrawn from the conference, and Haiti, which did not participate, were to be given a chance to subscribe. (The United States and Mexico made a bilateral agreement in 1957.)[24] This agreement formally added 540 kHz as a Clear Channel frequency, and also provided for Cuba to share six, and Jamaica two, of the U.S. clear channel allocations.[25] Some provisions remained controversial, and this version of the treaty wasn't ratified by the United States until early 1960. In 1980, Cuba gave the required one year notification that it was withdrawing from the NARBA treaty.[26]

1981 "Rio Agreement"[edit]

Main article: Regional Agreement for the Medium Frequency Broadcasting Service in Region 2

The NARBA treaties have been substantially superseded by the "Regional Agreement for the Medium Frequency Broadcasting Service in Region 2" (Rio Agreement), which covers the entire Western hemisphere, and was signed at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1981, taking effect on July 1, 1983 at 08:00 UTC. The interference protection criteria in the Rio Agreement are significantly different from NARBA's, and the concept of clear channel stations is eliminated. In adopting this agreement, the Bahamas and Canada declared their intent to renounce their adherence to NARBA.[27] However, much of the structure introduced by that treaty remained intact.

Additional actions[edit]

On June 8, 1988 another conference held at Rio de Janeiro, this time under the auspices of the International Telecommunication Union, adopted provisions effective July 1, 1990 to add ten AM band frequencies within Region 2, commonly known as the "expanded band", and running from 1610 kHz to 1700 kHz.[28]

The 1950 NARBA provisions are still in effect for the Bahamas, the Dominican Republic, and United States[29] because those countries have not formally abrogated NARBA.[30] The United States also has active bilateral agreements with Canada ("Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Canada Relating to the AM Broadcasting Service in the Medium Frequency Band" (1984)[31] and Mexico ("Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Mexican States Relating to the AM Broadcasting Service in the Medium Frequency Band" (1986)).[32]

See also[edit]

External links[edit]

  • Arrangement between the United States of America, Canada, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Mexico, comprising recommendations of the North American Regional Radio-Engineering Meeting (supplemental to North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement, Habana, 1937). Signed at Washington January 30, 1941; effective March 29, 1941.

      • Agreement text (pages 1398–1400)
      • Canadian station assignments by frequency (pages 1408–1410)
      • Cuban station assignments by frequency (pages 1411–1414)
      • Dominican Republic station assignments by frequency (page 1414)
      • Haitian station assignments by frequency (page 1415)
      • Mexican station assignments by frequency (pages 1415–1420)
      • United States station assignments by frequency (pages 1421–1443)

References[edit]

  1. ^ FM band stations did not start to appear until the early 1940s.
  2. ^ a b "The Havana Conference and the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement" by Louis G. Caldwell, Variety Radio Directory, 1938–1939 edition, pages 548–553.
  3. ^ "List of Broadcasting Stations: Additions to List", Radio Service Bulletin, May 15, 1934, page 7.
  4. ^ "North American B. C. Stations by Frequencies", Radio Index, Midsummer 1939, page 75. (americanradiohistory.com)
  5. ^ Border Radio by Gene Fowler and Bill Crawford, 2002, page 209.
  6. ^ "WLS Chicago" (advertisement), Broadcasting March 24, 1941, page 2.
  7. ^ "Radio Moving Day" (advertisement), The Detroit Tribune, March 29, 1941, page 11.
  8. ^ "The Havana Conference and the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement", Variety Radio Directory: '38*'39, pages 548–553.
  9. ^ "Basic Provisions of North American Agreement", Broadcasting, December 15, 1937, page 9.
  10. ^ "Agreement between the United States and Canada for the use of the frequency of 540 kilocycles" (Agreement between the United States of America and Canada regarding radio broadcasting: October 28 and December 10, 1938), United States Statutes at Large: 1939: Volume 53, page 2043.
  11. ^ a b "How Broadcast Stations Will be Shifted", Radio Today, February 1941, page 17.
  12. ^ "Basic Provisions of the North American Pact" (section 5(b)), Broadcasting, December 15, 1937, page 72.
  13. ^ "Protected Service Contours and Permissible Interference Signals for Broadcast Stations", Broadcasting, December 15, 1937, page 10.
  14. ^ "Table II: Class I-A Stations", Broadcasting, December 15, 1937, page 11.
  15. ^ "Mexico Ratifies Havana Treaty", Broadcasting, January 1, 1940, pages 12, 68.
  16. ^ Miller, Jeff (January 29, 2017). "A Chronology of AM Radio Broadcasting 1900–1960". Retrieved January 30, 2017.
  17. ^ "Mayor is Adamant" Broadcasting, March 24, 1941, page 48.
  18. ^ "The Reallocation", Radio Index, May – June 1941, page 1.
  19. ^ "North American B. C. Stations by Frequencies", Radio Index, March–April 1941, pages 64–82, 88. (americanradiohistory.com)
  20. ^ "North American B. C. Stations by Frequencies", Radio Index, May–June 1941, pages 61–80, 88. (americanradiohistory.com)
  21. ^ "New Calls Given Special Stations" (PDF). Broadcasting. December 1, 1936. p. 73. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  22. ^ "Cuba's NARBA Victory Portents U.S. Row", Broadcasting, March 4, 1946, page 17.
  23. ^ "Multilateral North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement and final protocol signed at Washington November 15, 1950", United States Treaties and Other International Agreements: Volume II, Part 1, 1960, pages 413–490.
  24. ^ National Association of Broadcasters Engineering Handbook: 10th Edition, "Frequency Allocations for Broadcasting and the Broadcast Auxiliary Services" by William R. Meintel, 2007, page 58.
  25. ^ "NARBA Signed", Broadcasting, November 20, 1950, pages 19–20.
  26. ^ An Air War with Cuba: The United States Radio Campaign Against Castro by Daniel C. Walsh, 2011, page 72.
  27. ^ Regional Administrative MF Broadcasting Conference (Region 2), Rio de Janeiro, 1981 (PDF). ISBN 92-61-01311-2. Retrieved January 29, 2017. Bahamas and Canada announce their intent to renounce NARBA in Final Protocol statement No. 4 on page 88.
  28. ^ Final Acts of the Regional Radio Conference to Establish a Plan for the Broadcasting Service in the Band 1605–1705 in Region 2 (PDF) (Rio de Janeiro, 1988. itu.int)
  29. ^ 47 C.F.R. 73.1650. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
  30. ^ "2001 Report on International Negotiations, Spectrum Policy & Notifications" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Federal Communications Commission (Planning & Negotiations Division, International Bureau). September 2001. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
  31. ^ U.S.-Canadian AM Band Agreement (1984) (fcc.gov)
  32. ^ U.S.-Mexican AM Band Agreement (1986) (fcc.gov)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_American_Regional_Broadcasting_Agreement&oldid=967533089"

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Jacques Rancière

Image
Jacques Rancière From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from Jacques Ranciere ) Jump to navigation Jump to search French philosopher Jacques Rancière Born ( 1940-06-10 ) 10 June 1940 (age 81) Algiers , French Algeria (present-day Algiers, Algeria ) Nationality French Alma mater École Normale Supérieure Era 20th- / 21st-century philosophy Region Western philosophy School Continental philosophy Structural Marxism Institutions University of Paris VIII Main interests Political philosophy , aesthetics , philosophy of history , philosophy of education , cinema Notable ideas Theories of democracy, disagreement, the Visual, [1] "part of no part" [2] Influences Plato , Aristotle , Marx , Althusser , Foucault , Lacan , Lyotard , Badiou , Arendt , Lefort Influenced Laclau , Žižek , Critchley , Bernard Aspe , Kristin Ross , Todd May , Levi Bryant , Jodi Dean , Gabriel Rockhill Jacques Ra
Read more

Electronic keyboard

Image
Electronic keyboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Musical instrument "Portable keyboard" redirects here. For portable typing keyboards, see Wireless keyboard . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources:   "Electronic keyboard"  –  news   · newspapers   · books   · scholar   · JSTOR ( September 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Yamaha PSR-290 electronic keyboard A MIDI song played on a Casio electronic keyboard An electronic keyboard , portable keyboard , or digital keyboard is an electronic musical instrument , an electronic derivative of keyboard instruments . [1] Electronic keyboards include synthesizers , digital pianos , stage pianos , electronic o
Read more

Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Countries/Proposal 1

Image
Wikipedia talk : WikiProject Countries/Proposal 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia < Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Countries Jump to navigation Jump to search This is a demonstration of some formatting ideas I had. Click here for the real Australia article. Australia is both the name of the world's smallest continent , and the short form of the Commonwealth of Australia . The Commonwealth of Australia is the sixth largest country in the world (geographically), the only one to occupy an entire continent, and the largest in Australasia . New Zealand is to to the southeast; Papua New Guinea , West Papua and Timor Leste to its north, and Indonesia northwest. The name 'Australia' comes from the Latin phrase terra australis incognita ("unknown southern land", see Terra Australis ). Commonwealth of Australia ( In Detail ) National motto : None Official language
Read more