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Meenakshi

Meenakshi

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This article is about the goddess. For other uses, see Meenakshi (disambiguation).

Meenakshi Amman
Other namesAngayarkanni, Tadadakai, Meenaatchi, Akiladeswari, Rajamathaagi, Mahasla , Siddarthri devi
AffiliationAngayarkanni, MahaDevi, Parvati, Tripurasundari
AbodeMount Kailash
AnimalsRose-ringed parakeet
ConsortSundareswarar (Shiva)

Meenakshi Amman (Sanskrit: Meenakshi; Tamil: Meenakshi Amman; Aṅgayaṟkaṇṇi,[1][2] Meenakshi Amman and Meenakshi Amman),[3] is a Hindu goddess and the main deity of Madurai. She is considered an avatar of the Goddess Parvati.[4] She is the divine consort of Sundareswarar, a form of Shiva.[5][6] She finds mention in literatures as the princess or queen of the ancient Pandya kingdom who was later elevated to godhood.[7] The goddess is also extolled by Adi Shankara as Shri Vidya.[8] She is also a powerful goddess who fights evil.

She is mainly worshipped in India, where she has a major temple devoted to her known as the Meenakshi Amman Temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu. Meenakshi, Kamakshi and Visalakshi are considered the three most powerful Shakti forms of Parvati, and most Hindus visit these three temples irrespective of their location in India. [9]

Etymology[edit]

Mīnākṣī is a Sanskrit term meaning 'fish-eyed',[1] derived from the words mīna 'fish' and akṣī 'eye'.[10] She was earlier known by the Tamil name Taḍādakai 'fish-eyed one', under which she was mentioned in early historical account as a fierce, unmarried goddess. Her name was later sanskritised to Meenakshi.[11] She is also known by the Tamil name Aṅgayaṟkaṇṇi or Aṅgayaṟkaṇṇammai (lit. 'the mother with the beautiful fish eyes').[1][12] According to another theory, the name of the goddess literally means 'rule of the fish', derived from the Tamil words mīn 'fish' and āṭci 'rule'.[13][14]

Various meanings of this appellation have been suggested, including that she was originally a goddess of the fisher-folk, that her eyes are "large and brilliant" like that of a fish, or that she has "long and slender" eyes shaped like the body of a fish. Another interpretation is that the name is based on the belief that the fish never close their eyes: the goddess similarly never stops watching over her devotees.[15] Yet another interpretation states that the name is based on the ancient belief that the fish feed their young by merely looking at them; the goddess supposedly supports her devotees by merely glancing at them.[16]

Texts[edit]

Several great hymns on the goddess were composed in the early modern period by many saints and scholars, including the famous Neelakanta Dikshitar. The stotram Minakshi Pancharatnam (Five Jewels of Minakshi), composed by Adi Sankaracharya (8th century AD), is an incantation to her.[8] Minakshi does not directly appear in the stotram Lalita Sahasranama, though there is a reference to her in the line Vakthra lakshmi parivaha chalan meenabha lochana (She who has auspiciousness and glory of Lakshmi and has beautiful eyes which look like fish in the pond of her face).

One Tamil poem/song (Tamilpillai) portrays Minakshi as the intersection of domesticity and divinity and as a global icon for all who deal with "impossible" children or husbands:[17]

The great Shiva with the metel flower / Wanders through the courtyard of space / Destroying your work again and again / And then he comes before you. // You never get angry. / Every day you just pick up the vessels.[18]

History[edit]

The 13th century Tamil text Tiruvilaiyatarpuranam, composing stories of Lord Shiva dating back to 3000 BCE, mentions king Malayadhwaja Pandya and his wife Kanchanamalai, who performed a yajna seeking a son to secure the royal succession. Instead, a daughter was born. She was already 3 years old and had three breasts. Shiva intervened and said that the parents should treat her like a son, and when she met her husband, she would lose the third breast. They followed the advice. The girl grew up, the king crowned her as the successor and when she met Shiva, his words came true, and she took her true form of Meenakshi.[19][20] According to Harman, this may reflect the matrilineal traditions in South India and the regional belief that "penultimate [spiritual] powers rest with the women", gods listen to their spouses, and that the fate of kingdoms rest with women.[19] According to Susan Bayly, the reverence for Meenakshi is a part of the Hindu goddess tradition that integrates with the Hindu society where the "woman is the lynchpin of the system" of social relationships.[21] Her eyes are fabled to bring life to the unborn.

Meenakshi Amman Temple[edit]

One of the Gopuram of Minakshi Temple at Madurai

The temple complex Madurai, Tamil Nadu in India is dedicated to Meenakshi the primary deity. It is also referred to as Meenakshi Amman or Meenakshi-Sundareshwara Temple.[22][23] Meenakshi's shrine is next to that of her consort Sundareswar, a form of Shiva.[5][24]

Though the temple has historic roots dating back to 2000 BCE, most of the present campus structure was rebuilt after the 14th century CE, further repaired, renovated and expanded in the 17th century by Tirumala Nayaka.[25][26] In early 14th century, the armies of the Delhi Sultanate, led by the Muslim commander Malik Kafur, plundered the temple, looted it of its valuables and destroyed the Madurai temple town along with many other temple towns of South India.[27][28][29] The contemporary temple is the result of rebuilding efforts started by the Vijayanagara Empire rulers who rebuilt the core and reopened the temple.[27][30] In the 16th century, the temple complex was further expanded and fortified. The restored complex houses 14 gopurams (gateway towers), each above 45 metres (148 ft) in height. The complex has numerous sculpted pillared halls such as Ayirakkal (1,000 pillar hall), Kilikoondu-mandapam, Golu-mandapam and Pudu-mandapam. Its shrines are dedicated to Hindu deities and Shaivite scholars, with the vimanas above the garbhagrihas (sanctums) of Minakshi and Sundaresvara gilded with gold.[30][31][32]

The temple is a major pilgrimage destination within the Shaivite tradition, dedicated to Meenakshi and Shiva. However, the temple includes Vishnu in many of its narratives, sculptures and rituals, as he is considered to be Meenakshi Amman's brother.[33] This has led to the temple and Madurai being referred to as the "southern Mathura", one included in Vaishnava texts.[34][35] The large temple complex is the most prominent landmark in Madurai and attracts tens of thousands visitors a day.[36] The temple attracts over a million pilgrims and visitors during the annual 10-day Meenakshi Tirukalyanam festival, celebrated with much festivities and a ratha (chariot) procession during the Tamil month of Chittirai (overlaps with April–May in Georgian calendar, Chaitra in North India).[37]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c William P. Harman (1992). The Sacred Marriage of a Hindu Goddess. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 24. ISBN 978-81-208-0810-2. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  2. ^ Proceedings of the First International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, April, 1966. International Association of Tamil Research. 1968. p. 543.
  3. ^ Menon, A. Sreedhara (1978). Cultural Heritage of Kerala: An Introduction. East-West Publications. p. 250.
  4. ^ Howes, Jennifer (2 September 2003). The Courts of Pre-Colonial South India: Material Culture and Kingship. Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 9781135789961.
  5. ^ a b Rajarajan Archived 30 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine, R.K.K. 2005. Meenakshi Amman or Sundaresvara: Who is the first principle? South Indian History Congress Annual Proceedings XXV, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, pp. 551-553.
  6. ^ "Meenakshi Pancharatnam Lyrics – Meenatchi Pancha Ratnam". Hindu Devotional Blog. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  7. ^ Fiedler, Amanda (2006). Where does Meenakshi take her turmeric bath?: a multiply-constructed religious history and deity in Tamilnadu. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 1.
  8. ^ a b Journal of Kerala Studies. 36. University of Kerala. 2009. p. 97.
  9. ^ Nelson, Louis P. (2006). American Sanctuary: Understanding Sacred Spaces. Indiana University Press. p. 121. ISBN 9780253218223.
  10. ^ Manly Palmer Hall, ed. (1949). Horizon, Volume 9, Issue 3. Philosophical Research Society. p. 33.
  11. ^ Fisher, Michael H. (18 October 2018). An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 74. ISBN 9781107111622.
  12. ^ Proceedings of the First International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, April, 1966. International Association of Tamil Research. 1968. p. 543.
  13. ^ Journal of Indian History. Department of History, University of Kerala. 2002. p. 96.
  14. ^ Excerpt for the etymology of Meenatchi from "A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Tamil Language, Vol. VII, PART - II", page 68: மீனாட்சி ,Mīṉāṭci, பெ. (n. ) மதுரையை உறைவிடமாகக் கொண்ட தெய்வம்; Umā, the tutelary Goddess of Madurai. [மீன் + ஆட்சி. மீனைக் கொடியில் சின்னமாகக் கொண்டவள்.] Translation: [ Meen + Aatchi. Her who put the fish as symbol for the flag.] (மீன் - Mīṉ which means "fish", ஆட்சி- āṭci which means "rule")
  15. ^ William Norman Brown (1978). "The Name of the Goddess Mīnākṣī "Fish-Eye"". India and Indology: Selected Articles. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 84–86. OCLC 871468571. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  16. ^ Klaus K. Klostermaier (2014). A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Oneworld. p. 153. ISBN 978-1-78074-672-2. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  17. ^ Birth and birthgivers : the power behind the shame. Chawla, Janet. New Delhi: Shakti Books. 2006. ISBN 8124109389. OCLC 181090767.CS1 maint: others (link)
  18. ^ Richman, Paula (1997). Extraordinary Child: Poems from a South Asian devotional genre. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
  19. ^ a b Harman 1992, p. 44-47.
  20. ^ Brockman 2011, pp. 326–327.
  21. ^ Susan Bayly (1989). Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900. Cambridge University Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0-521-89103-5. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
  22. ^ Madurai Archived 1 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopedia Britannica
  23. ^ Vijaya Ramaswamy (2017). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 9–10, 103, 210, 363–364. ISBN 978-1-5381-0686-0. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
  24. ^ Bharne, Vinayak; Krusche, Krupali (18 September 2014). Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443867344. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  25. ^ King 2005, pp. 72-74.
  26. ^ D. Uma 2015, pp. 39-40.
  27. ^ a b Madurai Archived 1 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopedia Britannica, Quote: "The [Meenakshi] temple, Tirumala Nayak palace, Teppakulam tank (an earthen embankment reservoir), and a 1,000-pillared hall were rebuilt in the Vijayanagar period (16th–17th century) after the total destruction of the city in 1310."
  28. ^ Michell 1995, pp. 9-10
  29. ^ Tara Boland-Crewe; David Lea (2003). The Territories and States of India. Routledge. p. 401. ISBN 1-135-35624-6., Quote: "By the beginning of the 14th century south India was exposed to the depredations of Muslim raiders from the north, and even Madurai was destroyed in 1310, by Malik Kafur, briefly becoming the seat of a sultanate thereafter."
  30. ^ a b Christopher Fuller (2003). "Madurai". In George Michell (ed.). Temple Towns of Tamil Nadu. Marg. pp. 94–113. ISBN 978-81-85026-213.
  31. ^ Brian A. Hatcher (2015). Hinduism in the Modern World. Routledge. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-1-135-04631-6.
  32. ^ D. Uma 2015, pp. 34-47.
  33. ^ V. K. Subramanian (2003). Art Shrines of Ancient India. Abhinav Publications. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-81-7017-431-8.
  34. ^ Edwin Francis Bryant (2007). Krishna: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. pp. 546 with note 45. ISBN 978-0-19-803400-1.
  35. ^ T. Padmaja (2002). Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu. Abhinav Publications. pp. 97–99. ISBN 978-81-7017-398-4.
  36. ^ Gopal 1990, p. 181.
  37. ^ Diana L. Eck (2013). India: A Sacred Geography. Random House. pp. 277–279. ISBN 978-0-385-53192-4.

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meenakshi&oldid=1024868469"

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