Jim Cairns
Jim Cairns
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Dr Jim Cairns | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Deputy Prime Minister of Australia | |
| In office 12 June 1974 – 2 July 1975 | |
| Prime Minister | Gough Whitlam |
| Preceded by | Lance Barnard |
| Succeeded by | Frank Crean |
| Treasurer of Australia | |
| In office 11 December 1974 – 6 June 1975 | |
| Prime Minister | Gough Whitlam |
| Preceded by | Frank Crean |
| Succeeded by | Bill Hayden |
| Minister for the Environment | |
| In office 6 June 1975 – 2 July 1975 | |
| Prime Minister | Gough Whitlam |
| Preceded by | Moss Cass |
| Succeeded by | Gough Whitlam |
| Minister for Overseas Trade | |
| In office 19 December 1972 – 11 December 1974 | |
| Prime Minister | Gough Whitlam |
| Preceded by | Gough Whitlam |
| Succeeded by | Frank Crean |
| Minister for Secondary Industry | |
| In office 19 December 1972 – 9 October 1973 | |
| Prime Minister | Gough Whitlam |
| Preceded by | Gough Whitlam |
| Succeeded by | Kep Enderby |
| Deputy Leader of the Labor Party | |
| In office 12 June 1974 – 2 July 1975 | |
| Leader | Gough Whitlam |
| Preceded by | Lance Barnard |
| Succeeded by | Frank Crean |
| Member of the Australian Parliament for Yarra | |
| In office 10 December 1955 – 25 October 1969 | |
| Preceded by | Stan Keon |
| Succeeded by | Division abolished |
| Member of the Australian Parliament for Lalor | |
| In office 25 October 1969 – 10 November 1977 | |
| Preceded by | Mervyn Lee |
| Succeeded by | Barry Jones |
| Personal details | |
| Born | James Ford Cairns 4 October 1914 Carlton, Victoria |
| Died | 12 October 2003 (aged 89) Narre Warren East, Victoria |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Political party | Australian Labor Party |
| Spouse(s) | Gwen Robb |
| Alma mater | University of Melbourne |
| Occupation | Policeman, lecturer |
James Ford Cairns (4 October 1914 – 12 October 2003), Australian politician, was prominent in the Labor movement through the 1960s and 1970s, and was briefly Deputy Prime Minister in the Whitlam government. He is best remembered as a leader of the movement against Australian involvement in the Vietnam War, for his affair with Junie Morosi and for his later renunciation of conventional politics. He was also an economist, and a prolific writer on economic and social issues, many of them self-published and self-marketed at stalls he ran across Australia after his retirement.
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Early days[edit]
James Ford Cairns was born in Carlton, then a working-class suburb of Melbourne, the son of a clerk. He grew up on a dairy farm north of Sunbury.[1] His father went to the First World War as a lieutenant in the Australian Imperial Forces, but became disillusioned with the war and lost his respect for Britain.[citation needed] He did not return to Australia. Following the war he essentially deserted his family, and he travelled to Africa where he committed suicide after a stay of six or seven years.[citation needed] Many years later, Cairns informed Gough Whitlam that he had long believed that his father had been killed in World War I, but that he was eventually told the truth of his father's desertion.[2]
Cairns attended Sunbury State School and later Northcote High School, where he completed his Leaving Certificate. Though life during the Depression was difficult with his mother having to work to provide for the family, and with himself having to make a three-hour daily commute by train, he was a good student, making his name at Northcote High School due to entering the school's broad jump championship and winning it easily with a jump of twenty feet and two inches, his competitors producing jumps of sixteen to seventeen feet.[1]
In 1933 Cairns joined the Police Force in order to have more time for his interest in athletics. He soon became a detective and gained notoriety working in a special surveillance team known as "the dogs" shadowing squad wherein he was involved in a number of dramatic arrests.[1] While working he studied at night and completed an economics degree at the University of Melbourne. He was the first Victorian policeman to hold a tertiary degree. In 1939 he married Gwen Robb (died 2000), whose two sons he adopted.
Cairns left the police in 1944. Thereafter he was employed, successively, as a tutor and lecturer in the Army and as a senior lecturer in economic history, at the University of Melbourne.[3] He was a knowledgeable economist and was considered a convinced socialist. In 1946 he applied to join the Communist Party, but was rejected.[4]
Following this rejection, Cairns joined the Labor Party and became active in its left wing. The Victorian division of the ALP had by this time been infiltrated by the mostly Catholic "Groupers", associated with Archbishop Mannix and B. A. Santamaria, and Cairns was a leading opponent of this group.[3]
In 1955, when the federal Labor leader, H. V. Evatt, attacked the Groupers and brought on a major split in the Labor Party, Cairns sided with Evatt. At the 1955 election, he stood for the House of Representatives for the working-class seat of Yarra, held by the leading Grouper, Stan Keon. In what Cairns has been quoted as saying was "... the most active and intense and vigorous election campaign that's ever been run in Australia."[3] Cairns was elected and held Yarra until 1969, when it was abolished at a redistribution. He then shifted to Lalor in Melbourne's western suburbs. The seat had been in Labor hands since its creation in 1949, but had been taken by Liberal Mervyn Lee in 1966, as part of that year's pro-Liberal landslide. However, a redistribution wiped out Lee's majority and gave Labor a notional majority of six percent. Rather than face almost certain defeat, Lee made an unsuccessful bid for the nearby seat of Bendigo. This proved prescient, as Cairns easily won Lalor with a healthy swing.
Leading left-winger[edit]
In Canberra, Cairns became a leader of the left. He was a highly effective debater and was soon feared and disliked by ministers in the Liberal government of Robert Menzies, although his personal dealings with Menzies himself (who nearly always felt a healthy respect for an intelligent and principled adversary) were more cordial than might have been expected.[5] Cairns was also disliked by many in his own party, who saw him as an ideologue whose political views were too left-wing for the Australian electorate.[citation needed]
Nevertheless, Cairns's abilities could not be denied. He completed his doctorate in economic history in 1957, and by the 1960s he was among the Labor Party's leading figures. At this time he also lectured on Marxist and socialist history, and taught at free seminars for working people in Melbourne unable to afford tertiary education.[citation needed] His first exposure to overseas travel, which took place at this period (he visited the USA and Asia), had a great effect on him.
Early in 1967, the septuagenarian Arthur Calwell retired as Labor leader, and Cairns contested the leadership; but he lost to Gough Whitlam. The following year, when Whitlam briefly offered his resignation (as part of his fight against the left wing of the party), Cairns again contested the leadership, but again he failed to win it (although by a markedly smaller margin than he had done the previous year: if four ALP parliamentarians had changed their minds, Cairns would have been successful). Whitlam appointed him shadow minister for trade and industry.[6][7]
One of the reasons Cairns did not become leader of the Labor Party was that in the late 1960s and early 1970s his main focus was not on parliamentary politics but on leading the mass movement against the Vietnam War, to which the Menzies government had committed combat troops in 1965, and against conscription for that war. Until about 1968, most Australians supported the war; Whitlam himself was cautious about publicly committing the ALP to an explicitly anti-war stance; and opposition to Australia's role in Vietnam was led by the Communist Party and the trade unions. After 1968, however, non-communist opposition grew, and Cairns came to see the anti-war movement as a moral crusade. During the election year of 1969, Cairns was assaulted by a group of men who broke into his home, also seriously injuring his wife.[5][8]
In May 1970, Cairns, as chair of the Vietnam Moratorium Campaign, led an estimated 100,000 people in a "sit-down" demonstration in the streets of Melbourne. This was the largest protest in Australia until it was overtaken by the anti-Iraq war protests in February 2003. Similar protests of proportionate size took place simultaneously in other Australian cities. There was none of the predicted violence, and the moral force of the (mainly young) protesters had a major effect on Australian attitudes to the war.[6][9]
Cairns in Government[edit]
At the December 1972 election, Whitlam led the Labor Party into government for the first time in 23 years, and Cairns became Minister for Overseas Trade and Minister for Secondary Industry. He had by now shed much of his socialist ideology of earlier years, though he was still a strong believer in state planning. He got along surprisingly well with the heads of industry, although critics said this was because he was sympathetic to their requests for government assistance. During his time as Minister for Trade and Minister for Secondary Industry, Cairns undertook a number of overseas trade visits, the most successful of which was to China; resulting in increasing Australian trade with China from 200 million dollars before the visit to 1,000 million dollars within a year after his visit.[7] After the 1974 election, he was elected Deputy Leader of the Labor Party, defeating Lance Barnard, and thus became Deputy Prime Minister.
In June, The Bulletin magazine published a leaked Australian Security Intelligence Organisation document which stated a controversial, and a highly political view of Cairns. As a direct result of the political fallout from this episode the government acted on its 1974 election policy and established the Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security.[10]
In December 1974, Whitlam appointed Cairns to the senior economic portfolio, Treasurer. This was the high-point of Cairns's political career. On Christmas Day 1974, while Whitlam was overseas, Cyclone Tracy devastated the city of Darwin, and Cairns as Acting Prime Minister impressed the nation with his sympathetic and decisive leadership. It was during this period, however, that Cairns hired Junie Morosi as his principal private secretary, and he soon began a relationship with her which would eventually help ruin his career.
Australia's already severe economic problems worsened during 1975, and Cairns had few answers to the new phenomenon of stagflation, the combination of high unemployment and high inflation that followed the 1973 oil crisis. These difficulties Cairns shared with finance ministers around the world at this time (especially in Britain and Europe), but in those days few Australians were exposed to the foreign media, and the Whitlam administration suffered in its economic credibility as a result.
Loans affair[edit]
In late 1974, in attempt to raise funds for large capital works projects (such as drilling for gas on the north-west shelf between Australia and Timor and constructing a pipeline for transporting the gas down to Eastern Australia), senior ministers Rex Connor and Lionel Murphy, along with Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, began to consider arrangements to borrow approximately US$4,000 million petrodollars from the Middle East. The plan was to use the services of an intermediary, Pakistani banker Tirath Khemlani. Cairns first became aware of what was to become known as the "Loans Affair" three days after being appointed Treasurer, on 13 December 1974, when he entered at the end of a meeting of the Labor Party federal executive at the Lodge, the official residence of the Prime Minister in Canberra. Whitlam explained the situation and asked that Cairns co-sign approval for the loan. Cairns did so, noting to Whitlam that the state premiers should be informed of the loan (this did not occur). Subsequently, Sir Frederick Wheeler, Secretary of the Treasury (the head of Cairns' department) and other members of staff communicated to Cairns that Khemlani was of questionable character. In his capacity as Acting Prime Minister during Gough Whitlam's overseas trip covering late 1974 to early 1975, Cairns arranged a meeting at the Reserve Bank in Canberra attended by various senior officials, including Lionel Murphy and Rex Connor. After some debate, the outcome of this meeting was that Connor's authority to borrow the loan in question was cancelled. Whitlam returned from overseas on 19 January 1975 and on 27 January 1975, Connor's authority to borrow the loan was reinstated without consultation with Cairns as Treasurer, who found out after the fact. A short time later, when Cairns was about to visit the United States in an official capacity, his staff informed him that if the issue of the Khemlani loan were not dealt with, it would most likely overshadow his visit. This, plus Cairns' pre-existing reservations about the loan, prompted him to discuss the issue once again with Whitlam, who then agreed that Connor's dealings with Khemlani should come to an end. Whitlam requested that Cairns be the one to deliver the news to Connor and Cairns did so. Rex Connor was later dismissed by Whitlam for continuing his unauthorised business communications with Khemlani.[11][12] Whitlam moved Cairns from Treasury to the Environment ministry.
Cairns' political undoing began by way of an incident that is often conflated with the Connor/Khemlani dealings, but was essentially separate. In 1974, Cairns was introduced by Robert Menzies to George Harris, a Melbourne businessman and president of the Carlton Football Club.[13] Harris had offered to secure loan funds for the Australian government, and in March 1975 Cairns signed a letter agreeing to a 2.5% commission. Many blamed the disorganised state of Cairns' office for what ultimately turned out to be a misleading statement to Parliament in June that he had not authorised any such commission. Cairns claimed that he had signed the letter in question unknowingly while signing a batch of fifty or so letters and that it was not uncommon practice for politicians to sign letters that they had little or no memory of signing. Ironically, politicians from across the aisle—Malcolm Fraser and a number of his ministers—spoke out in defence of Cairns on this subject, agreeing that they too signed letters of which they had little or no memory. But the fact remained that Cairns had signed the letter, and as a result Whitlam had him dismissed from the ministry on 2 July 1975. Cairns has since stated that he felt there were ulterior motives at play on the part of Gough Whitlam; namely that Whitlam wished to be rid of Cairns because Cairns did not agree with a policy of economic rationalism and that Whitlam felt that Cairns was a threat to his leadership.[11][12]
Cairns and Morosi[edit]
In late 1974 Cairns met Junie Morosi. Morosi had worked for Cairns' contemporaries, Al Grassby and Lionel Murphy. Morosi greatly admired Cairns from having read his academic writings and she introduced Cairns to the work of Wilhelm Reich, opening his mind to the relevance of human psychology as it related to social change.[11] Cairns decided to offer Morosi a position as his principal private secretary and the pair began an affair.[14][15]
On 2 December 1974, the media reported Cairns' employment offer to Morosi. The reports highlighted Morosi's lack of public service experience, past business failures, her physical beauty and pointed out that she had often been seen dining in Canberra with senior Cabinet ministers. As a result Cairns and Morosi announced that she would not take Cairns' offer of employment. The Liberal Opposition called for a senate inquiry. An investigation found there was no evidence of impropriety on the part of Morosi or of no preferential treatment being given to Morosi. On 13 December, it was reported that Morosi would accept Cairns' offer of employment.[15]
During the Australian Labor Party's National Conference in February 1975, Cairns gave an interview to a reporter in which he spoke of "a kind of love" for Morosi, reigniting the controversy. The press continued to speculate about the affair; during the 1975 National Conference, a photographer hid in a tree and waited while Morosi, her husband, Cairns, and his wife were having breakfast on a balcony. This photographer took a photo just when Cairns' wife left the balcony and with Morosi's husband out of shot. The Daily Telegraph ran the picture of Cairns and Morosi the next day with the headline "Breakfast with Junie". Allegations were made in the House and the Senate. Accusations of misconduct were made by a variety of institutions.[16]
In 1982, Morosi took 2UE and The Daily Mirror to court on defamation charges, with both Cairns and Morosi denying the accusations of sexual impropriety and corruption.[15] Before the Supreme Court of New South Wales, Cairns denied under oath having had a sexual relationship with Morosi.[citation needed] The jury in that case found that the article in question did contain "an imputation" that Cairns was "improperly involved with his assistant, Junie Morosi, in a romantic or sexual association", but that this statement was not defamatory. Cairns did not receive compensation, although Morosi did.[citation needed]
On 15 September 2002, Cairns finally admitted on ABC radio what he had always refused to concede earlier: namely, that he had a sexual relationship with Junie Morosi.[17][18] Four years earlier, referring to his decision to employ Morosi and the ensuing media storm that it created — Cairns said that "looking back over it, it was a mistake on my part".[14]
Aftermath[edit]
Cairns's Labor colleagues found his conduct in the Loans and Morosi affairs intolerable, and his political reputation was destroyed.[citation needed] In 1977 he retired from Parliament. He devoted the next portion of his life to the Counterculture movement, to which he had been introduced by Morosi. He sponsored a series of Down to Earth conference-festivals (known as ConFests) at various rural locations, and was photographed taking part in Counterculture inspired activities, such as meditation. Even in the Counterculture movement however, Cairns and Morosi remained the centre of controversy, with disputes soon arising over the organisation and finances of the Down to Earth gatherings.[citation needed]
In 1979 Cairns severed his formal links with the Down to Earth organisers. But he remained legally and financially embroiled with a failed communal settlement at Mount Oak, south of Canberra, until after a messy court case, he cut his losses and ended his involvement with what was left of the movement in 1991.[citation needed] Cairns kept in contact with Morosi and the two remained friends.
Cairns was subject to a great deal of media ridicule for these activities, but displayed his usual firm conviction about the rightness of his causes. In his later years he lived at Narre Warren East near Melbourne. He sold his books outside suburban markets, where he would talk about politics, history or his life. In 2000 he was made a Life Member of the Labor Party. Cairns died of bronchial pneumonia, aged 89, in October 2003. He was accorded a State Funeral at St John's Anglican Church in Toorak.[citation needed]
Personal life[edit]
Cairns married Gwen Robb in 1939. He adopted Robb's two sons by her previous marriage, Barry and Phillip, when they were 4 and 5 years old respectively.[5] Cairns claimed no religious affiliation. In a 1998 interview he said: "I have never believed myself to be anything that I can attach a name to. I wasn't a Christian. I didn't regard myself as a humanist or a socialist. I was something: what I am, and it didn't have a name".[1]
Bibliography[edit]
- Cairns, G. O. & Cairns, J. F., Australia, 1953
- Cairns, J. F., Socialism and the A.L.P., comment by Bruce McFarlane, 1963
- Cairns, J. F., Living with Asia, 1965
- Cairns, J. F., Vietnam : is it truth we want?, 1965
- Cairns, J. F., Economics and foreign policy, 1966
- Cairns, J. F., Here I stand : statements, 1966
- Cairns, J. F., Changing Australia's role in Asia, 1968
- Cairns, J. F., Australian foreign policy, 1968
- Cairns, J. F., Eagle and the lotus; western intervention in Vietnam 1847-1968, 1969
- Cairns, J. F. & Cairns M.P., Silence kills; events leading up to the Vietnam Moratorium, 8 May 1970
- Cairns, J. F., Eagle and the lotus : Western intervention in Vietnam, 1847-1971, 1971
- Cairns, J. F., Tariffs or planning? : the case for reassessment, 1971
- Cairns, J. F., Quiet revolution, 1972
- Cairns, J. F., Impossible attainment, 1974
- Cairns, J. F., Labor Party? Dr. Evatt - the Petrov affair - the Whitlam government., 1974
- Cairns, Jim, Vietnam : scorched earth reborn, 1976
- Cairns, Jim, Oil in troubled waters, 1976
- Cairns, Jim, Growth to freedom, 1979
- Cairns, Jim, Survival now: the human transformation, 1982
- Cairns, Jim, Human growth, its source and potential, 1984
- Cairns, Jim, Strength within: towards an end to violence, 1988
- Cairns, Jim, Towards a new society : a new day has begun, 1990–1993
- Cairns, Jim, Untried road, 1990
- Cairns, Jim, Reshaping the future : liberated human potential, 1996
- Cairns, Jim, On the horizon: a cultural transformation to a new consciousness, 1999
- Cairns, Jim, Liberated biological function: the source of human quality, 2001
- Cairns, Jim, New day : liberated biological human potential: the source of social reform to the good society there's no other way, 2002
- Heffernan, Jack, Socialist alternative : an A.L.P. view, foreword by J.F. Cairns, 1969
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d Film Australia (1998). "Australian Biography project interview - Jim Cairns - transcript page 1". The Australian Biography project. Screen Australia, Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ Carr, Bob, "How Gough Carried The Can For Progress", Sunday Telegraph (Sydney, Australia) 26 October 2014
- ^ a b c Film Australia (1998). "Australian Biography project interview - Jim Cairns - transcript page 2". The Australian Biography project. Screen Australia, Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ Film Australia (1998). "Australian Biography project interview with Jim Cairns". The Australian Biography project. Screen Australia, Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ a b c Film Australia (1998). "Australian Biography project interview - Jim Cairns - transcript page 10". The Australian Biography project. Screen Australia, Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ a b Film Australia (1998). "Australian Biography project interview - Jim Cairns - transcript page 6". The Australian Biography project. Screen Australia, Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ a b Film Australia (1998). "Australian Biography project interview - Jim Cairns - transcript page 7". The Australian Biography project. Screen Australia, Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ Film Australia (1998). "Australian Biography project interview - Jim Cairns - transcript page 11". The Australian Biography project. Screen Australia, Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ Film Australia (1998). "Australian Biography project interview - Jim Cairns - transcript page 5". The Australian Biography project. Screen Australia, Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ Coventry, CJ. Origins of the Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security (2018: MA thesis submitted at UNSW).
- ^ a b c Film Australia (1998). "Australian Biography project interview - Jim Cairns - transcript page 8". The Australian Biography project. Screen Australia, Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ a b "The loans affair, 1974–75 – Fact sheet 239". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ Harris & Main (2006) pp. 149-176
- ^ a b Film Australia (1998). "Australian Biography project interview - Jim Cairns - transcript page 9". The Australian Biography project. Screen Australia, Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ a b c Laing, Kate. "'A KIND OF LOVE': Supergirls, Scapegoats and Sexual Liberation" (PDF). University of Sydney. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
- ^ Laing, Kate. "'A Kind of Love: Supergirls, Scapegoats and Sexual Liberation, p.29" (PDF). University of Sydney. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
- ^ Richard Ackland (20 September 2002). "Cairns admits sex, and breathtaking hypocrisy". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
- ^ Annabel Crabb (16 September 2002). "Cairns admits Morosi affair". The Age. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
Sources[edit]
- Film Australia (1998), "Jim Cairns", Australian Biography, Screen Australia, Commonwealth of Australia, retrieved 25 June 2010
- Harris, George & Main, Jim (2006). George - by George: Changi, the Blues and Beyond. Melbourne, Victoria: Bas Publishing. ISBN 1-920910-67-0.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Further reading[edit]
- Dowsing, Irene (1971), Jim Cairns MHR, Acacia Press, Blackburn, Victoria. ISBN 0-85808-005-2
- Ormonde, Paul (1981), A Foolish Passionate Man, Penguin, Ringwood, Victoria. ISBN 014005975X
- Strangio, Paul (2002), Keeper of the Faith, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Victoria. ISBN 0-522-85002-2
External links[edit]
| Parliament of Australia | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Stan Keon | Member of Parliament for Yarra 1955–1969 | Division abolished |
| Preceded by Mervyn Lee | Member of Parliament for Lalor 1969–1977 | Succeeded by Barry Jones |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Gough Whitlam | Minister for Secondary Industry 1972–1973 | Succeeded by Kep Enderby |
| Minister for Overseas Trade 1972–1974 | Succeeded by Frank Crean | |
| Preceded by Lance Barnard | Deputy Prime Minister of Australia 1974–1975 | Succeeded by Frank Crean |
| Preceded by Frank Crean | Treasurer 1974–1975 | Succeeded by Bill Hayden |
| Preceded by Moss Cass | Minister for the Environment 1975 | Succeeded by Gough Whitlam |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Lance Barnard | Deputy Leader of the Australian Labor Party 1974–1975 | Succeeded by Frank Crean |
- 1914 births
- 2003 deaths
- Australian economists
- Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
- 1975 Australian constitutional crisis
- Australian non-fiction writers
- Australian police officers
- Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Lalor
- Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Yarra
- Members of the Australian House of Representatives
- Members of the Cabinet of Australia
- Treasurers of Australia
- Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia
- University of Melbourne alumni
- People educated at Northcote High School
- 20th-century Australian politicians
- Former government ministers of Australia
- Australian memoirists
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