The Mission (1986 film)
The Mission (1986 film)
| The Mission | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Original film poster | |
| Directed by | Roland Joffé |
| Produced by | |
| Written by | Robert Bolt |
| Starring | |
| Music by | Ennio Morricone[1] |
| Cinematography | Chris Menges |
| Edited by | Jim Clark |
Production company | |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. |
Release date |
|
Running time | 125 minutes[2] |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language |
|
| Budget | £16.5 million[3] |
| Box office | $17.2 million |
The Mission is a 1986 British period drama film about the experiences of a Jesuit missionary in 18th-century South America.[4] Directed by Roland Joffé and written by Robert Bolt, the film stars Robert De Niro, Jeremy Irons, Ray McAnally, Aidan Quinn, Cherie Lunghi, and Liam Neeson.
It won the Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or and the Academy Award for Best Cinematography. In April 2007, it was elected number one on the Church Times' Top 50 Religious Films list.[5] Furthermore, it is one of fifteen films listed in the category "Religion" on the Vatican film list.[6] The music, scored by Italian composer Ennio Morricone, ranked 1st on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's (ABC) Classic 100 Music in the Movies.
Plot[edit]
In the 1740s, Spanish Jesuit priest Father Gabriel enters the northeastern Argentina and eastern Paraguayan jungle to build a mission station and convert a Guaraní community to Christianity. The Guaraní are not initially receptive to Christianity or outsiders in general, and they tie a priest to a wooden cross and send him over the Iguazu Falls. Father Gabriel travels to the falls, climbs to the top, and plays his oboe. One of the Guaraní warriors, seeing that the stranger is European, breaks the oboe, throws it down into the water, then stalks off. Father Gabriel does not react, however, and the impressed Guarani, who were captivated by the music, allow him to live.
Mercenary and slaver Rodrigo Mendoza makes his living kidnapping natives such as the Guarani community and selling them to nearby plantations, including the plantation of the Spanish Governor Don Cabeza. After returning from another kidnapping trip, Mendoza is told by his assumed fiancée, Carlotta, that she loves his younger half-brother Felipe. Mendoza later finds them in bed together and in a fit of rage kills Felipe in a duel. Although he is acquitted of the killing of Felipe, Mendoza spirals into depression. Father Gabriel visits and challenges Mendoza to undertake a suitable penance. Mendoza accompanies the Jesuits on their return journey, dragging a heavy bundle containing his armour and sword. After initially tense moments upon reaching the outskirts of the natives' territory, since they recognize their former persecutor, the natives soon come to embrace a tearful Mendoza and cut away his heavy bundle.
Father Gabriel's mission is depicted as a place of sanctuary and education for the Guaraní. Moved by the Guaraní's acceptance, Mendoza wishes to help at the mission and Father Gabriel gives him a Bible. In time, Mendoza takes vows and becomes a Jesuit under Father Gabriel and his colleague Father Fielding.
The Jesuit missions were safe, because they were protected under Spanish law. The Treaty of Madrid (1750) reapportioned South American land on which the Jesuit missions were located, transferring the area to the Portuguese, who allowed slavery. The Portuguese colonials seek to enslave the natives, and as the independent Jesuit missions might impede this, Papal emissary Cardinal Altamirano, a former Jesuit priest, is sent from the Vatican to survey the missions and decide which, if any, should be allowed to remain.
Under pressure from both Cabeza and Portuguese representative Hontar, Cardinal Altamirano is forced to choose between two evils. If he rules in favour of the colonists, the indigenous peoples will become enslaved; if he rules in favour of the missions, the entire Jesuit Order may be condemned by the Portuguese and the European Catholic Church could fracture. Altamirano visits the missions and is amazed at their industry and success, both in converting the Indians and, in some cases, economically. At Father Gabriel's mission of San Carlos, he tries to explain the reasons behind closing the mission and instructs the Guaraní that they must leave, because it is God's will. The Guaraní question the validity of his claim, and argue God's will was to settle and develop the mission. Father Gabriel and Mendoza, under threat of excommunication, state their intention to defend the mission alongside the Guaraní if the plantation owners and colonists attack. They are, however, divided on how to do this, and they debate how to respond to the impending military attack. Father Gabriel believes that violence is a direct crime against God. Mendoza, however, decides to break his vows by militarily defending the Mission. Against Father Gabriel's wishes, he teaches the natives the European art of war and once more takes up his sword.
When a joint Portuguese and Spanish [discuss] force attacks, the mission is initially defended by Mendoza, Fielding, and the Guaraní. They are no match for the military force, and Mendoza is shot and fatally wounded after the soldiers destroy a trap, allowing them to enter the village. Fielding sacrifices himself by killing the Portuguese commander before he is killed. Upon seeing the church at the mission village the soldiers become reluctant to fire. When the soldiers enter the mission village, they encounter the singing of Father Gabriel and the Guaraní women and children who march in the procession. Father Gabriel leads, carrying a monstrance with the Blessed Sacrament. Ignoring this, the Spanish [discuss] commander orders the attack; Father Gabriel, the rest of the priests and most of the Guaraní, including women and children, are gunned down. After Father Gabriel is shot, a child picks up the Blessed Sacrament and leads the procession. Only a handful escape into the jungle.
In a final exchange between Cardinal Altamirano and Hontar, Hontar laments that what happened was unfortunate but inevitable: "We must work in the world; the world is thus." Altamirano rejoins: "No, thus have we made the world. Thus have I made it." Days later, a canoe of young children return to the scene of the Mission massacre and salvage a few belongings. They set off up the river, going deeper into the jungle, with the thought that the events will remain in their memories. A final title declares that many priests have continued to fight for the rights of indigenous people into the present day. The text of John 1:5 is displayed: "The light shineth in the darkness, and the darkness hath not overcome it."
Cast[edit]
- Robert De Niro as Captain Rodrigo Mendoza
- Jeremy Irons as Father Gabriel
- Ray McAnally as Cardinal Altamirano
- Aidan Quinn as Felipe Mendoza
- Cherie Lunghi as Carlotta
- Ronald Pickup as Hontar
- Chuck Low as Don Cabeza
- Fred Melamed provides Don Cabeza's voice (uncredited)[7]
- Liam Neeson as Father John Fielding
- Bercelio Moya as Indian Boy
- Sigifredo Ismare as Witch Doctor
- Asuncion Ontiveros as Indian Chief
- Alejandrino Moya as Chief's Lieutenant
- Daniel Berrigan as Sebastian
- Rolf Gray as Father Ralph
- Álvaro Guerrero as Jesuit
Historical basis[edit]
The Mission is based on events surrounding the Treaty of Madrid in 1750, in which Spain ceded part of Jesuit Paraguay to Portugal. A significant subtext is the impending suppression of the Jesuits, of which Father Gabriel is warned by the film's narrator, Cardinal Altamirano, who was once himself a Jesuit. Altamirano, speaking in hindsight in 1758, corresponds to the actual Andalusian Jesuit Father Luis Altamirano, who was sent by Jesuit Superior General Ignacio Visconti to Paraguay in 1752 to transfer territory from Spain to Portugal. He oversaw the transfer of seven missions south and east of the Río Uruguay, that had been settled by Guaraní and Jesuits in the 17th century. As compensation, Spain promised each mission 4,000 pesos, or fewer than 1 peso for each of the approximately 30,000 Guaraní of the seven missions, while the cultivated lands, livestock, and buildings were estimated to be worth 7–16 million pesos. The film's climax is the Guaraní War of 1754–1756, during which historical Guaraní defended their homes against Spanish-Portuguese forces implementing the Treaty of Madrid. For the film, a re-creation was made of one of the seven missions, São Miguel das Missões.[8]
Father Gabriel's character is loosely based on the life of Paraguayan saint and Jesuit Roque González de Santa Cruz. The story is taken from the book The Lost Cities of Paraguay by Father C. J. McNaspy, S.J., who was also a consultant on the film.[9]
The waterfall setting of the film suggests the combination of these events with the story of older missions, founded between 1610–1630 on the Paranapanema River above the Guaíra Falls, from which Paulista slave raids forced Guaraní and Jesuits to flee in 1631. The battle at the end of the film evokes the eight-day Battle of Mbororé in 1641, a battle fought on land as well as in boats on rivers, in which the Jesuit-organised, firearm-equipped Guaraní forces stopped the Paulista raiders.[8]
Historical inaccuracies[edit]
The historical Altamirano was not a cardinal sent by the Pope, but an emissary sent by the Superior General of the Society of Jesus, Ignacio Visconti, to preserve the Jesuits in Europe in the face of attacks in Spain and Portugal.[10]
Filming locations[edit]
The film was mostly filmed in Colombia, Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. The tunnels of Fort Amherst in Kent were used as part of the monastery where Mendoza (Robert De Niro) was held.[11]
Soundtrack[edit]
The soundtrack for The Mission was written by Ennio Morricone. Beginning with a liturgical piece ("On Earth as It Is in Heaven") which becomes the 'Spanish' theme, it moves quickly to the 'Guaraní' theme, which is written in a heavily native style and uses several indigenous instruments. Later, Morricone defines The Mission theme as a duet between the 'Spanish' and "Guaraní" themes. The soundtrack was recorded at CTS Lansdowne Studios in London.[citation needed]. The soundtrack was mastered by Greg Fulginiti
Other themes throughout the movie include the 'Penance', 'Conquest', and 'Ave Maria Guaraní' themes. In the latter, a large choir of indigenous people sing a rendition of the "Ave Maria".[citation needed]
Reception[edit]
Box Office[edit]
The film grossed $17.2 million at the US and international box office against a budget of £16.5 million, which at the time was the US equivalent of $25.4 million, making this film a commercial flop.
Goldcrest Films invested £15,130,000 in the film and received £12,250,000 in returns, netting Goldcrest a £2,880,000 loss.[12]
Critical[edit]
The Mission received mixed reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 64% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 25 reviews, with an average rating of 6.32/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "The Mission is a well-meaning epic given delicate heft by its sumptuous visuals and a standout score by Ennio Morricone, but its staid presentation never stirs an emotional investment in its characters."[13] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 55 out of 100 based on 18 critic reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[14]
Awards and honours[edit]
- Best Picture – Fernando Ghia and David Puttnam (nominated)
- Best Director – Roland Joffé (nominated)
- Best Art Direction – Stuart Craig and Jack Stephens (nominated)
- Best Cinematography – Chris Menges (won)
- Best Costume Design – Enrico Sabbatini (nominated)
- Best Film Editing – Jim Clark (nominated)
- Best Original Score – Ennio Morricone (nominated)
- Best Film – Fernando Ghia, David Puttnam and Roland Joffé (nominated)
- Best Director – Roland Joffé (nominated)
- Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Ray McAnally (won)
- Best Original Screenplay – Robert Bolt (nominated)
- Best Cinematography – Chris Menges (nominated)
- Best Costume Design – Enrico Sabbatini (nominated)
- Best Film Editing – Jim Clark (won)
- Best Film Music – Ennio Morricone (won)
- Best Production Design – Stuart Craig (nominated)
- Best Sound – Ian Fuller, Bill Rowe and Clive Winter (nominated)
- Best Special Visual Effects – Peter Hutchinson (nominated)
- Palme d'Or – Roland Joffé (won)[17]
- Technical Grand Prize – Roland Joffé (won)[17]
- Best Motion Picture – Drama (nominated)
- Best Director – Roland Joffé (nominated)
- Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama – Jeremy Irons (nominated)
- Best Screenplay – Robert Bolt (won)
- Best Original Score – Ennio Morricone (won)
Others[edit]
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
- 2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – #23[19]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Ebert, Roger (14 November 1986). "The Mission". Review. RogerEbert.com. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
- ^ "The Mission (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. 30 July 1986. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
- ^ "Puttnam bites back." Sunday Times [London, England] 22 Mar. 1987: 47. The Sunday Times Digital Archive. Web. 8 Apr. 2014.
- ^ Sheila Benson (14 November 1986). "Movie Review : A Dilemma Of Conscience At Heart Of 'The Mission'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^ "Top 50 Religious Films - Ray Fowler .org". Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
- ^ SDG (2015). "The Mission (1986)". Decent Films. Steven D. Greydanus. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
- ^ Harris, Will. "Fred Melamed on Casual, the Coens, and making Larry David laugh". TV.AVClub.com. The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
- ^ a b James Schofield Saeger (1995) "The Mission and Historical Missions: Film and the Writing of History." The Americas, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 393–415.
- ^ Saxon, Wolfgang (8 February 1995). "C. J. McNaspy, 79, Jesuit Musicologist, Author and Linguist". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016.
- ^ "The Mission". st-andrews.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014.
- ^ Kent Film Office. "Kent Film Office The Mission Film Focus". Archived from the original on 26 March 2014.
- ^ Eberts, Jake; Illott, Terry (1990). My indecision is final. Faber and Faber. p. 657.
- ^ "The Mission (1986)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on 29 November 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- ^ "The Mission Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- ^ "The 59th Academy Awards (1987) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
- ^ "The 1987 Bafta Awards Nominees and Winners". bafta.org. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
- ^ a b "Festival de Cannes: The Mission". festival-cannes.com. Archived from the original on 7 August 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
- ^ "1986 Golden Globes nominees and winners". hfpa.org. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
- ^ "AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores" (PDF). American Film Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
External links[edit]
 | Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Mission (1986 film) |
- 1986 films
- British films
- Films directed by Roland Joffé
- Films set in Brazil
- Films set in Paraguay
- Films set in jungles
- Palme d'Or winners
- Films about Catholicism
- British historical films
- 1980s historical films
- Goldcrest Films films
- English-language films
- Films set in the 1750s
- Spanish-language films
- Latin-language films
- Society of Jesus
- Films with screenplays by Robert Bolt
- Films about Catholic priests
- Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award
- Films shot in Foz do Iguaçu
- Films shot in Colombia
- Films set in South America
- British epic films
- Films about hunter-gatherers
- Indigenous cinema in Latin America
- Films scored by Ennio Morricone
- Films produced by David Puttnam
- Fratricide in fiction
- Christian missionaries in South America
- Spanish missions in South America
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