List of presidents of China
List of presidents of China
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This is a list of the presidents of the Republic of China (ROC) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) since 1912.
List of presidents of the ROC (since 1912)[edit]
This is a list of the presidents of the Republic of China (ROC) (1912–present). The Republic of China president is called 總統 (Zǒngtǒng, "President"), and from 1912–1928, 大總統 (Dàzǒngtǒng, "Grand President").
Since 1949, the de facto territory of the ROC is reduced to Taiwan and its surrounding islands, no longer governing mainland China. It continued to represent China in the United Nations until it was expelled on 25 October 1971 and diplomatically by the United States government until 1 January 1979. The President of the ROC is also known as the President of Taiwan due to the territory it governs.
All the names on this list follow the Oriental convention with the family name first and given name second.
Non-Partisan Tongmenghui Beiyang clique, etc. Progressive Kuomintang (Nationalist) Democratic Progressive
- Presidents of the Provisional Government
- period: 1 January 1912 – 10 October 1913
| № | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of Office | Political Party | Vice President | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  | Sun Yat-sen 孫逸仙 Sūn Wén (1866–1925) | 1 January 1912 | 10 March 1912 | Tongmenghui | Li Yuanhong |
| 1911 | ||||||
| The first President of the Provisional Government | ||||||
| 2 |  | Yuan Shikai 袁世凱 Yuán Shìkǎi (1859–1916) | 10 March 1912 | 10 October 1913 | Beiyang clique | Li Yuanhong |
| The second President of the Provisional Government | ||||||
- Presidents of the Beiyang government
- period: 10 October 1913 – 2 June 1928
| № | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of Office | Political Party | Vice President | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (2) |  | Yuan Shikai 袁世凱 Yuán Shìkǎi (1859–1916) | 10 October 1913 | 6 June 1916[note 1] | Beiyang clique | Li Yuanhong |
| Died in office. | ||||||
| – |  | Li Yuanhong 黎元洪 Lí Yuánhóng (1864–1928) | 7 June 1916 | 17 July 1917[note 2] | Progressive Party | Feng Guozhang |
| Acting. | ||||||
| 3 |  | Feng Guozhang 馮國璋 Féng Guózhāng (1859–1919) | 17 July 1917 | 10 October 1918 | Zhili clique | vacant |
| 4 |  | Xu Shichang 徐世昌 Xú Shìchāng (1855–1939) | 10 October 1918 | 2 June 1922 | Anhui clique | vacant |
| — |  | Zhou Ziqi 周自齊 Zhōu Zìqí (1871–1923) | 2 June 1922 | 11 June 1922 | Communications Clique | vacant |
| Acting. | ||||||
| (3) |  | Li Yuanhong 黎元洪 Lí Yuánhóng (1864–1928) | 11 June 1922 | 13 June 1923 | Research Clique | vacant |
| — |  | Gao Lingwei 高凌霨 Gāo Língwèi (1868–1939) | 14 June 1923 | 10 October 1923 | Non-partisan | vacant |
| Acting. | ||||||
| 5 |  | Cao Kun 曹錕 Cáo Kūn (1862–1938) | 10 October 1923 | 2 November 1924 | Zhili clique | vacant |
| — |  | Huang Fu 黃郛 Huáng Fú (1883–1936) | 2 November 1924 | 24 November 1924 | Non-partisan | vacant |
| Acting. | ||||||
| 6 |  | Duan Qirui 段祺瑞 Duàn Qíruì (1865–1936) [note 3] | 24 November 1924 | 20 April 1926 | Anhui clique | vacant |
| — |  | Hu Weide 胡惟德 Hú Wéidé (1863–1933) | 20 April 1926 | 13 May 1926 | Non-partisan | vacant |
| Acting. | ||||||
| — |  | W.W. Yan Yan Huiqing 顏惠慶 Yán Huìqìng (1877–1950) | 13 May 1926 | 22 June 1926 | Non-partisan | vacant |
| Acting. | ||||||
| — |  | Du Xigui 杜錫珪 Dù Xīguī (1875–1933) | 22 June 1926 | 1 October 1926 | Zhili clique | vacant |
| Acting. | ||||||
| — |  | Wellington Koo Koo Vi-kyuin 顧維鈞 Gù Wéijūn (1887–1985) | 1 October 1926 | 17 June 1927 | Non-partisan | vacant |
| Acting. | ||||||
| 7 |  | Zhang Zuolin 張作霖 Zhāng Zuòlín (1875–1928) | 18 June 1927 | 2 June 1928 | Fengtian clique | vacant |
| Zhang was the Generalissimo of the Beiyang Military Government instead of President. | ||||||
- Chairmen of the Nationalist Government
- period: 7 February 1928 – 20 May 1948
The head of state of the Nationalist Government (國民政府) in this period (political tutelage, 訓政時期).
| № | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of Office | Political Party | Vice President | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8 |  | Tan Yankai 譚延闓 Tán Yánkǎi (1880–1930) | 7 February 1928 | 10 October 1928 | Kuomintang | vacant |
| 9 |  | Chiang Kai-shek 蔣中正 Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng (1887–1975) | 10 October 1928 | 15 December 1931 | Kuomintang | vacant |
| 10 |  | Lin Sen 林森 Lín Sēn (1868–1943) | 15 December 1931 | 1 August 1943 | Kuomintang | vacant |
| Died in office. | ||||||
| (9) | | Chiang Kai-shek 蔣中正 Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng (1887–1975) | 1 August 1943 | 20 May 1948 | Kuomintang | vacant |
- Presidents under the 1947 Constitution
- period: 20 May 1948 – 20 May 1996
The Government of the Republic of China was defeated in the Chinese civil war. With the communist regime declared on Mainland China in October 1949, the de facto territory of the Republic was reduced to Taiwan and its outlying islands and two counties of Fukien Province.
| № | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of Office | Political Party | Vice President | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (9) | | Chiang Kai-shek 蔣中正 Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng (1887–1975) | 20 May 1948 | 21 January 1949 | Kuomintang | Li Zongren |
| 1948 | ||||||
| Resigned following a succession of defeats by the Communists in the Chinese Civil War. | ||||||
| — |  | Li Zongren 李宗仁 Lǐ Zōngrén (1890–1969) | 21 January 1949 | 1 March 1950 | Kuomintang | vacant |
| Acting President on Chiang Kai-shek's resignation. Had an antagonistic relationship with Chiang. After the fall of Guangdong, Li flew to New York and denounced Chiang. | ||||||
| (9) | | Chiang Kai-shek 蔣中正 Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng (1887–1975) | 1 March 1950 | 5 April 1975 | Kuomintang | Li Zongren (1950–1954) Chen Cheng[note 4](1954–1965) vacant (1965–1966) Yen Chia-kan (1966–1975) |
| Defeated on the mainland; moved the government to Taipei. Chiang's government lost recognition by the United Nations on 25 October 1971. Died in office. | ||||||
| 11 |  | C.K. Yen Yen Chia-kan 嚴家淦 Yán Jiāgàn (1905–1993) | 6 April 1975 | 20 May 1978 | Kuomintang | vacant |
| Premier (1963–1972). As Vice-President under Chiang Kai-shek, Yen succeeded the Presidency on Chiang's death and completed Chiang's term. | ||||||
| 12 |  | Chiang Ching-kuo 蔣經國 Jiǎng Jīngguó (1910–1988) | 20 May 1978 | 13 January 1988 | Kuomintang | Hsieh Tung-min (1978–1984) Lee Teng-hui (1984–1988) |
| Son of Chiang Kai-shek. Launched the Ten Major Construction Projects. Lost recognition by the United States officially on 1 January 1979. Ended martial law. Died in office. | ||||||
| 13 |  | Lee Teng-hui 李登輝 Lǐ Dēnghuī (1923–2020) | 13 January 1988 | 20 May 1996 | Kuomintang | vacant (1988–1990) Li Yuan-zu (1990–1996) |
| As Vice-President under Chiang Ching-kuo, Lee succeeded the Presidency on Chiang's death and completed his term. First native Taiwanese President. Oversaw democratic reforms. | ||||||
- Presidents after the introduction of Direct Election
- period: 20 May 1996 – present
| № | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of Office Electoral mandates | Political Party | Vice President | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (13) | | Lee Teng-hui 李登輝 Lǐ Dēnghuī (1923–2020) | 20 May 1996 | 20 May 2000 | Kuomintang | Lien Chan |
| 1996 5,813,699 (54.0%) | ||||||
| Mayor of Taipei (1978–1981), Governor of Taiwan (1981–1984), Vice President (1984–1988). First president elected by direct election. | ||||||
| 14 |  | Chen Shui-bian 陳水扁 Chén Shuǐbiǎn (born 1950) | 20 May 2000 | 20 May 2008 | Democratic Progressive Party | Annette Lu |
| 2000 4,977,737 (39.3%) 2004 6,446,900 (50.11%) | ||||||
| Member of the Legislative Yuan for Taipei 1st District (1990–1994), Mayor of Taipei (1994–1998). First Pan-Green and pro-Taiwan independence president. | ||||||
| 15 |  | Ma Ying-jeou 馬英九 Mǎ Yīngjiǔ (born 1950) | 20 May 2008 | 20 May 2016 | Kuomintang | Vincent Siew (2008–2012) Wu Den-yih (2012–2016) |
| 2008 7,658,724 (58.45%) 2012 6,891,139 (51.60%) | ||||||
| Minister of Justice (1993–1996), Mayor of Taipei (1998–2006). | ||||||
| 16 |  | Tsai Ing-wen 蔡英文 Cài Yīngwén (born 1956) | 20 May 2016 | Incumbent | Democratic Progressive Party | Chen Chien-jen (2016–2020) Lai Ching-te (2020– ) |
| 2016 6,894,744 (56.1%) 2020 8,170,231 (57.1%) | ||||||
| Vice Premier (2006–2007). | ||||||
List of chairmen of the PRC (since 1949)[edit]
This is a list of all the chairman of the People's Republic of China (1954–1975) and the presidents of the People's Republic of China (1982–present). The President of the PRC is called 主席 (zhǔxí), formerly translated as Chairman.
To avoid confusion, all the names on this list follow the Oriental convention (family name first, given name second) for consistency.
First Administration Second Administration Third Administration Hu–Wen Administration Xi–Li Administration
Central People's Government under the CPPCC Common Program (1949–1954)[edit]
- Chairman of the Central People's Government
- Mao Zedong (1 October 1949 – 27 September 1954)
The 1st Constitution (1954–1975)[edit]
- Chairman/Chairwoman of the People's Republic China
| Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) Constituency | Term of office | NPC | Vice Chairman | Paramount leader | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  | Mao Zedong 毛泽东 (1893–1976) Beijing At-large | 27 September 1954 | 27 April 1959 | I | Zhu De | Himself | |
| The First Chairman of the People's Republic of China. | ||||||||
| 2 |  | Liu Shaoqi 刘少奇 (1898–1969) Beijing At-large | 27 April 1959 | 21 December 1964 | II | Soong Ching-ling & Dong Biwu (co-serving) | Mao Zedong | |
| 21 December 1964 | 31 October 1968 | III | ||||||
| Ousted by Mao Zedong during the Cultural Revolution. | ||||||||
| – |   | Soong Ching-ling 宋庆龄 (1893–1981) Shanghai At-large | Dong Biwu 董必武 (1886–1975) Hubei At-large | 31 October 1968 | 24 February 1972 (Song) 17 January 1975 (Dong) | III | Vacancy by ascension | Mao Zedong |
| Both Soong Ching-ling and Dong Biwu co-served as Acting Chairpersons of the People's Republic of China until the resignation of Soong Ching-ling on 24 February 1972. Dong Biwu served the remainder of the term. | ||||||||
The 2nd Constitution (1975–1978)[edit]
- Chairman/Chairwoman of the Standing Committee of the 4th National People's Congress
- Zhu De (17 January 1975 – 6 July 1976) died in office
- Soong Ching-ling (6 July 1976 – 5 March 1978) acting
- Ye Jianying (5 March 1978 – 5 March 1978)
The 3rd Constitution (1978–1982)[edit]
- Chairman of the Standing Committee of the 5th National People's Congress
- Ye Jianying (5 March 1978 – 18 June 1983)
- Honorary President of the People's Republic China
| Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) Constituency | Term of office | NPC | Vice President | Paramount leader | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| – | | Soong Ching-ling 宋庆龄 (1893–1981) Shanghai At-large | 16 May 1981 | 28 May 1981 | V | Post not established | Deng Xiaoping |
| The first and only Honorary President of the People's Republic of China. | |||||||
The 4th Constitution (1982–present)[edit]
- President of the People's Republic China
| Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) Constituency | Term of office | NPC | Vice President | Paramount leader | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 |  | Li Xiannian 李先念 (1909–1992) Hubei At-large | 18 June 1983 | 8 April 1988 | VI | Ulanhu | Deng Xiaoping |
| The first President under the 4th Constitution of the People's Republic of China. He started reforms in foreign policy and China began opening to the world. He was first Chinese president who visited USA. He was also the first state president who officially visited North Korea. In 1984, Li met with US President Ronald Reagan during Reagan's visit to China, notably discussing the status of Taiwan with the President. In 1988, Li resigned from his position as President of the People's Republic of China and was replaced by Yang Shangkun. Li was then named Chairman of the National Committee of the CPPCC.[1] | |||||||
| 4 |  | Yang Shangkun 杨尚昆 (1907–1998) Sichuan At-large | 8 April 1988 | 27 March 1993 | VII | Wang Zhen | Deng Xiaoping Jiang Zemin |
| The second President under the 4th Constitution of the People's Republic of China. Yang promoted economic reform but opposed political liberalization, a position which Deng Xiaoping eventually came to identify with. Yang reached the height of his political career after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, but his organized opposition to Jiang Zemin's leadership led Deng to force Yang to retire. | |||||||
| 5 |  | Jiang Zemin 江泽民 (1926– ) Shanghai At-large | 27 March 1993 | 15 March 1998 | VIII | Rong Yiren | Himself |
| 15 March 1998 | 15 March 2003 | IX | Hu Jintao | ||||
| Under his leadership, China experienced substantial developmental growth with reforms, saw the peaceful return of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom and Macau from Portugal, and improved its relations with the outside world while the Communist Party maintained its tight control over the government. Jiang has been criticized for being too concerned about his personal image at home, and too conciliatory towards Russia and the United States abroad.[2] Served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (1989-2002), Chairman of the Central Military Commission (1989-2005), Mayor of Shanghai (1985–1989). | |||||||
| 6 |  | Hu Jintao 胡锦涛 (1942– ) Tibet At-large (until 2008) Zhejiang At-large (from 2008) | 15 March 2003 | 15 March 2008 | X | Zeng Qinghong | Himself |
| 15 March 2008 | 14 March 2013 | XI | Xi Jinping | ||||
| During his term in office, Hu reintroduced state control in some sectors of the economy that were relaxed by the previous administration, and has been conservative with political reforms.[3] Along with his colleague, Premier Wen Jiabao, Hu presided over nearly a decade of consistent economic growth and development that cemented China as a major world power. He sought to improve socio-economic equality domestically through the Scientific Development Concept, which aimed to build a "Socialist Harmonious Society" that was prosperous and free of social conflict.[4] In foreign policy, Hu advocated for "China's peaceful development", pursuing soft power in international relations and a business-oriented approach to diplomacy. Through Hu's tenure, China's influence in Africa, Latin America, and other developing countries has increased.[5] Served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (2002-2012), Chairman of the Central Military Commission (2004-2013), Vice President (1998–2003). | |||||||
| 7 |  | Xi Jinping 习近平 (1953– ) Shanghai At-large | 14 March 2013 | 17 March 2018 | XII | Li Yuanchao | Himself |
| 17 March 2018 | Incumbent | XIII | Wang Qishan | ||||
| The fifth President under the 4th Constitution of the People's Republic of China. Also serving as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China and Chairman of the Central Military Commission. Served as Vice President (2008–2013). | |||||||
Notes[edit]
- ^ Declared the Empire of China from 12 December 1915 to 22 March 1916.
- ^ Zhang Xun restored Qing Empire from 1 July to 12 July in 1917.
- ^ Duan Qirui was the Provisional Chief Executive instead of President.
- ^ Chen Cheng, Died on 5 March 1965.
References[edit]
- ^ Anderson, Kurt (7 May 1984). "History Beckons Again". Time. Archived from the original on January 18, 2005. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- ^ Tomoyuki Kojima. China's Omnidirectional Diplomacy: Cooperation with all, Emphasis on Major Powers. Asia-Pacific Review, 1469–2937, Volume 8, Issue 2, 2001.
- ^ Luard, Tim (11 January 2005). "BBC: China's Leader shows his stripes. 11 January 2005". BBC News. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
- ^ "Kuhn, Robert Lawrence: Hu's Political Philosophies" (PDF). Esnips.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
- ^ World Savvy Monitor: China and the World - A foreign policy overview[permanent dead link]
|  | |
Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → S. Dynasties / N. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → ROC / PRC | ||
| Common Program (1949–1954) |  | |
|---|---|---|
| 1954 Constitution (1954–1975) |
| |
| 1975 & 1978 Constitutions (1975–1982) |
| |
| 1982 Constitution (1982–present) | ||
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