Music of Sri Lanka
Music of Sri Lanka
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The music of Sri Lanka has its roots in five primary influences: ancient folk rituals, Hinduism religious traditions, Buddhist religious traditions, the legacy of European colonisation, and the commercial and historical influence of nearby Indian culture—specifically, Kollywood cinema and Bollywood cinema.[1]
The Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in Sri Lanka, landing in the mid-15th century.[2] They brought with them traditional cantiga ballads, ukuleles and guitars, as well as conscripted Africans (referred to, historically, as kaffrinhas), who spread their own style of music known as baila. The influence of both European and African traditions served to further diversify the musical roots of contemporary Sri Lankan music.
Folk music[edit]
Caste-based folk poems, Jana Kavi, originated as communal song shared within individual groups as they engaged in daily work. Today, they remain a popular form of cultural expression. Folk poems were sung by ancient people of Sri Lanka to minimise their loneliness, sadness, tiredness etc. There isn't a known author for the folk poems. Kavi was also sung to accompany annual rituals. These ancient rites are rarely performed in contemporary Sri Lanka, but the preserved songs are still performed by folk musicians.
Another traditional Sri Lankan folk style is called the Virindu. It involves an improvised poem sung to the beaten melody of a rabana. Traditional song contests were held in which two virindu singers would compete through spontaneous verse. The Portuguese influenced Baila has been a popular folk tradition along the coastal districts in the past five hundred years and is now part of the mainstream music culture.
Sri Lankan country music[edit]
The art, music and dances of Sri Lanka were derived from ritualistic responses to natural phenomenon. Sri Lanka's earliest folk music was later influenced by the influx of Buddhist traditions. These songs were performed by commoners, and not merely recited by the priestly castes.[3]
Pageantry[edit]
Sri Lanka has a highly evolved pageantry tradition, which has a unique array of music.
Kolam & Puppetry[edit]
Kolam music is a low country folk tradition of the south-west coast and its use was both in exorcism rituals as a form of healing and in masked comedy and drama.
Nurthi Music[edit]
Nurthi is a stage drama that influenced by Parasi theater as a consequence of arriving the drama troupe in the latter part of the 19th century, which belonged to the Elphinstone Dramatic Company of India. Nurthi is the colloquial Sinhala form of the Sanskrit term "Nritya". The music of Nurthi was based on North Indian Music. Don Bastian of Dehiwala introduced Nurti firstly by looking at Indian dramas and then John De Silva developed it and performed Ramayanaya in 1886.[4]
Sinhala light music[edit]
Some artists visited India to learn music and later started introducing light music. Ananda Samarakone was the pioneer of this attempt also composing the Sri Lankan National Anthem. Then Sunil Santha who also did not stick to Hindustani music introduced light music of his own, influenced by the Geethika (Christian hymns) tradition of Sri Lanka. Pandit Amaradeva is credited as the major contributor to the development of this genre into a truly Sri Lankan style.
It is enriched with the influence of folk music, kolam music, Nadagam music, Noorthy music and others too. Most of the musician in Sri Lanka have come out with their own creations The temple paintings and carvings used birds, elephants, wild animals, flowers and trees. The colors were made of nature. The traditional 18 dances display the dancing of birds and animals.
- Mayura Wannama – The dance of the peacock
- Hanuma Wannama – The dance of the monkey
- Gajaga Wannama – The dance of the elephant
- Thuraga Wannama – The dance of the horse
It has several subgenres. The folk music is created with few instruments only and the frequency range is narrowly. The folk songs and poems were used in social gatherings to work together. The Indian influenced Classical Music has grown to be unique.[5][6][7][8] The traditional drama, music and songs are typically Sri Lankan.
Sri Lanka's traditional musical instruments[edit]
The classical Sinhalese Orchestra consists of five categories of instruments. The drum is the king of local percussion instruments and without it, there will be no dance.[9] The vibrant beat of the rhythm of the drums form the basic of the dance. The dancers' feet bounce off the floor and they leap and swirl in patterns that reflex the complex rhythms of the drum beat.
This drum beat may seem simple on the first hearing but it takes a long time to master the intricate rhythms and variations, which the drummer sometimes can bring to a crescendo of intensity.
Gatabera[edit]
The typical Sinhalese Dance is identified as the Kandyan dance and the Gatabera is indispensable to this dance. It is a long, double-headed drum with a bulge in the middle, worn around the player's waist.
Yak-bera[edit]
The Yak-bera is also known as "the demon drum," or the drum used in low country dance, in which the dancers wear masks and perform devil dancing, which has become a highly developed form of art. This is a double-headed drum with a cylinderic wooden frame.
Dawula[edit]
The Dawula is a barrel shaped drum indigenous to the Sabaragamuwa dance style. It is used as an accompanying drum in the past in order to keep strict time with the beat.
Thammattama[edit]
The Thammattama is a flat, two faced drum.[10] The drummer strikes the drum on the two surfaces on top with sticks, unlike the other traditional Sri Lankan drums, which are played by striking the sides of the instrument.[10] In the Hewisi Ensemble, this may be a companion drum to the aforementioned Dawula.
Udekki[edit]
A small double headed, hourglass shape hand drum used to accompany songs.[citation needed] It is approximately 28 cm (11 in) in length. The face, valayama, is not used to produce sound rather by pressure applied on the string. The middle of the drum, giriya or gela, which means neck in Sinhalese, is narrower than the faces.
Rabana[edit]
The Rabana is a flat faced circular drum and comes in several sizes.[citation needed] The largest of which has to be placed on the floor in order to be played – which is usually done by several people (normally the womenfolk) who sit around the instrument and beat it with both hands.[citation needed] This is used in festivals such as the Sinhalese New Year and ceremonies such as weddings.[citation needed] The resounding beat of the Rabana symbolizes the joyous moods of the occasion.[citation needed]
The small Rabana is a form of mobile drum beat – carried by the performer to produce accompanying drum rhythms for the pieces being performed.[citation needed]
Thalampata[edit]
The Thalampata are the metal percussion instruments, where two small cymbals are joined together by a string.[11][12]
Horanawa[edit]
The Horanawa, or Kandian pipe, is an oboe-like double reed instrument that is played during traditional ceremonies in Buddhist temples to accompany the percussive instruments and dance.[13] The mouthpiece is traditionally made of a talipot palm leaf and the remaining sections of jackwood and brass.[14]
Hakgediya[edit]
The Hakgediya is conch-shell and another form of a natural instrument.[15] The instrument's primary function is for the performer to play it (by blowing) to announce the opening of ceremonies of grandeur.[16]
Wind Section[edit]
The wind section is dominant by a wind instrument, something akin to the clarinet.[citation needed] This instrument is not normally used for the dances mainly because the Sinhalese dance is not set to music as the western world knows it.[citation needed] Rather, the primary sense of rhythm, and patterns of man in motion, is the music that is beaten out by the drummer.[citation needed]
Flutes[edit]
The flutes made of metals such as silver and brass produce shrill music to accompany Kandyan Dances, while the plaintive strains of music of the reed flute may pierce the air in devil-dancing.
Endemic Instruments[edit]
Béra[edit]
According to the historical record available today, it is believed that several instruments originated within the tribal groups that once inhabited the island presently known as Sri Lanka. Among these, seven remain in use:
- Gáta Béra – Also referred to as the Kandyan drum or wedding drum; it is a double-headed, barrel-shaped drum, that is played by hand. It is approximately 68 cm (27 in) in length, 86 cm (34 in) in diameter (at its widest point), with 20 cm (7.9 in) diameter drumheads.[17]
- Thammátama – A twin-drum (similar to the bongo) that is played with two sticks instead of by hand.
- Yak Béra – Also referred to as the Low Country drum or Demon drum; it is a double-headed, barrel-shaped drum, that is played by both hands (one in one side).[17]
- Udákkiya – A small, hour-glass shaped drum, that is played with one hand while the other hand modifies the tension of a cloth wrapped around its centre (thereby changing the pitch of the drum-head).
- Hand Răbāna – A drum similar to the tambourine (except in that it does not possess metal jingles)
- Daŭla or Dawla – A double-headed, barrel-shaped drum played by hand (on one side), and by a stick (on the opposite side).
- Bench Răbāna – Similar to the hand rabana, except larger (it is often played by three to eight individuals simultaneously).
In addition to these drums, a new drum was recently created (in 2000) by Sri Lankan musician Kalasoori Piyasāra Shilpadhipathi, referred to as the Gaŭla – it is a barrel-shaped instrument containing one head from the Gáta Béra, and one from the Daŭla. A set of rudiments (practice rhythms) were also created by him to accommodate the instrument's unique tone.
Also in addition to these drums, the dhōlki is also used by many musicians – though this drum is believed to have descended from those brought to Sri Lanka from India – unlike the aforementioned instruments; which are believed to have existed in Sri Lanka prior to the arrival of the first Indian explorers (though this is difficult to verify due to the proximity of the two nations to one another – it is impossible to say, with any degree of certainty, that no cultural exchange occurred between the peoples of southern India and Sri Lanka prior to any particular date in history).
In 2011, an eBook and a small print book were published with basic playing technique for the Thammattama drum, using Western Notation as a basis. The title is "Sri Lankan Drumming: The Thammattama" published by BookBrewer (eBook) and CreateSpace (Print Book).
Ravanahatha[edit]
The Ravanahatha is a crude violin made of coconut shell, bamboo and goat skin, with a natural fibre serving as the string. Goat and sheep gut and coconut wood are also used. It is believed to be the first stringed instrument to be played with a bow and is recognized as the world's first violin.
The Ravanahatha or Ravana's hand is mentioned in the ancient Indian epic 'Ramayana'. The Ravanahatha sounds like the north Indian instruments Sarangi and Esraj. Dinesh Subasinghe has re-introduced this instrument to Sri Lankan media in 2007 and launched the first CD using the instrument, Rawana Nada. [18]
Western music[edit]
Western classical music has been studied and performed in Sri Lanka since its introduction during the Portuguese colonial period of the 15th century. The upper middle-class and upper-class citizens of the country traditionally formed the pedagogues, students, and audience of the Western classical tradition in the country, although western music is also offered as a subject at secondary schools and at tertiary level. The Symphony Orchestra of Sri Lanka is one of the oldest western orchestras in South Asia. The foundation of the National Youth Orchestra has helped increase interest and participation more widely in society and among young people outside Colombo. Many Sri Lankans have continued to reach the upper echelons of classical performance, including world-renowned cellist Rohan de Saram, pianist Rohan de Silva,[19] and many other composers, organists, and orchestral performers.
Recorded music[edit]
The earliest stars of Sri Lankan recorded music came from the theater at a time when the traditional open-air drama (referred to in Sinhala as kolam, sokari or nadagam) remained the most popular form of entertainment. A 1903 album, entitled Nurthi, is the first recorded album to come out of Sri Lanka via Radio Ceylon. The station, which had long held a monopoly over Sri Lanka's airwaves, had been established in 1925, and one of Sri Lanka's pioneering broadcasters, Vernon Corea, almost immediately grasped the opportunity to introduce Sri Lankan Music on the English Services of Radio Ceylon.
In the wake of western and Indian proliferation in music, composer and singer Ananda Samarakoon emerged from training at Rabindranath Tagore's school at Shanthiketalan to develop a uniquely Sinhalese music tradition in 1939. His work such as "Punchi Suda", "Ennada Manike" and notably "Namo Namo Maata" (adapted as Sri Lanka's national anthem later) was a landmark of the Sinhalese song, which was known as Sarala Gee later. Another artist Devar Surya Sena with his Western education was pivotal in popularising folk songs of Sri Lanka to the English elite that bore higher status in the country at the time.
Kadawunu Poronduwa in 1947 brought about a film industry in Sri Lanka. In the late 1940s and 1950s Sinhalese film music became the most popular with audiences; it was drawn heavily upon melodies found in Hindi and Tamil films – adapted to a Sri Lankan audience by substituting their original lyrics with Sinhala lyrics. Meanwhile, musicians like W. D. Amaradeva, Sunil Santha, W. B. Makuloluwa etc. began experimenting with developing a Sinhalese music style.
Sunil Santha took a Western approach in his work inspired from Church music. He opposed of getting elements from Hindustani "Raaga" music to develop Sinhalese music. This was evident when he was later banned from Radio Ceylon after refusing to audition for Indian musician Ratanjankar, whom the corporation had brought from South India to oversee the direction of music on their stations.
Pandit Amaradeva, trained at Bhatkhande Vidyapith, Lucknow, India, took up the "Sarala Gee" tradition along with experimentation of raaga forms and folk music. This became popular in the country especially through sarala gee programs broadcast in Radio Ceylon. Musicians such as Victor Ratnayake, Sanath Nandasiri, T. Shelton Perera, Gunadasa Kapuge, Rohana Weerasinghe, Stanley Peiris, Austin Munasinghe, Sunil Edirisinghe, Edward Jayakody, Amarasiri Peiris and Rookantha Gunathilake brought the system forward the Shelton Premaratne and Lionel Algama are two musicians, who added new dimensions to Sinhalese music.[citation needed]
W. B. Makulolouwa and C de S Kulatilake, believed Sinhalese music should follow the traditions of its folk music called "Jana Gee". Makuloluwa gathered a great many of Sinhalese folk poems traveling around the country and tried to develop a unique style. Late musicians like Lionel Ranwala, Rohana Beddage contributed in developing Makuloluwa's "Jana Gee" style.
Premasiri Khemadasa also known as "Khemadasa Master" was one of the most influential composers in Sri Lankan music. Inspiring from Western Classical music, Hindustani music and also Sinhalese folk music he composed in his own style which has been popular since late 1960s. He was one of the most highly regarded film, stage and TV drama composers and his music is still used by the best directors in the country.
Pivotal to the works of these musicians were songwriters like Mahagama Sekara and Chandraratne Manawasinghe who in their lyrics presented deeply poetic, and honestly expressed, ideas – many of which also promoted a sense of nationalism in a nation that had received independence less than a generation before in 1948.
With the dawn of the 1960s and government restrictions on travel to India original compositions became in vogue in film music though a few popular films continued to tout stolen melodies under the hands of music arrangers like P. L. A. Somapala and Mohomed Sally.
The mid-1960s, saw the introduction of pop groups such as Los Cabelleros led by Neville Fernando, La Ceylonians led by Noel Ranasinghe (widely known as "King of Sri Lankan Calypso"), The La Bambas, The Humming Birds and Los Muchachos; all of whom played calypso-style baila borrowing their style from Caribbean folk-singer Harry Belafonte. This mixture of Caribbean calypso with native baila was dominated by two groups: The Moonstones, and The Golden Chimes led by musicians Annesley Malewana and Clarence Wijewardena.
Sri Lankan pop/film music managed to hold a large portion of Sri Lanka's market during the late 1960s and early 1970s, but by 1980, Indian film music had again displaced local musicians as the highest-selling sector of the Sri Lankan music industry. In the 1980s the disco-pop musician Rookantha Gunathilake emerged to become one of the most popular artists of the time. Many young musicians followed Rookantha and his style in 1980s and 1990s. After 2000, young musicians like Bathiya and Santhush, Kasun Kalhara, Shihan Mihiranga, continued the pop song stream introducing new features into it. After 2008 Darshana Ruwan Disanayaka, Nadeeka Guruge, Dinesh Subasinghe has done some inspiring works & become the most influential composers in Sri Lankan cinema after achieving many awards in film festivals.
MIDI/Computer based music performances and recording were introduced to Sri Lanka in the 1980s by Keyboardist/composer Diliup Gabadamudalige. He was the first to use a complete MIDI based performing keyboard setup and also use MIDI/Sequencers and Music software/Computer based music recording and performances in Sri Lanka. Diliups contribution has been recognized by the Government of Sri Lanka and he has been awarded the Kalashuri title and was also awarded the first Lyle Godrich Memorial Award for Contribution to the western Music Industry in Sri Lanka in 2011.
The Gypsies has remained a popular band for over four decades and the Sunflowers is the most widely recorded group for nearly three decades.
Since 1998, many pop/R&B groups have emerged in Sri Lanka – the most prominent of which is known as Bathiya and Santhush—who draw inspiration from the Euro pop groups that visited the island. Among their accomplishments; they are the first Sri Lankan group to be signed to an international record label (Sony BMG), and were an integral component in the label's entrance into the nation's music industry in 2002/2003. They have received international awards for their compositions, and have performed in several countries – including on BBC radio in the UK.
Dinesh Subasinghe's film score for Ho Gana Pokuna became a popular & a memorable score in Sri Lankan cinema in 2016, he has won awards in all the cinema festivals held in Sri Lanka in 2016[20]
The cross-genre works of contemporary composer-pianist Tanya Ekanayaka involving compositions for solo piano with references to folk and traditional melodies from around the world as well as all 18 Sri Lankan vannams and many Sri Lankan traditional melodies have been released worldwide by Naxos Records since 2015.[21] Her compositions have been broadcast on international media across the world, have often been the first by any Sri Lankan composer to be performed at international venues and she is the first and to date only Sri Lankan composer to have entire albums of original music released worldwide by an international record label.[22]
Sinhala Music Archives[edit]
Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation (Former Radio Ceylon) is considered as the largest Sinhala Music archive. Some other private archives such as Lanka Music Archive[23] ,also are there that promote Sinhala country music commercially or non-commercially.[24]
Rock and heavy metal music[edit]
Rock Music in Sri Lanka dates back to the early 1970s when Kumar Navaratnam and friends staged the first Rock Festival at the Havelock Park in Colombo Sri Lanka. Kumara Navaratnam could be hailed as the Main strength behind the evolving rock music scene then along with others like Prins Jayaratnam and the Unwanted Generation, Prasanna Abeysekara's Coffin Nail, Neville of Acid, Gobbledegook and Sweetie Pie, which was led by pianist Nimal Goonawardane, Mary was the only Rock band to play all original music at that time and was led by Ravi Balasooriya of "Bugs" fame. Other members being Aruna Siriwardane, Benjy Ranabahu, Dilup Gabadamudalige and Dwight Van Gramberg. Ramesh Weeratunga, who was a composer/solo performer of this period, went on to become a professional musician/songwriter in Germany, releasing several solo albums.
With the exception of a handful of senior college students who obviously had recourse to vinyl LP's and music trade papers, the rest of Sri Lanka's music enthusiasts had to rely on the occasional radio program such as "Progressive 30" presented by Mahes Perera to vaguely ascertain the evolving soundscape of the 70's or listening to the vinyl records at the British Council and the American Center.
What was later to become "Rock Company" had its start around this time. The self same college students acquired guitars, drum kits, keyboards, hired rudimentary sound systems and started to hang out together and attempted to recreate the records of their heroes with differing levels of success.
All this without the aid of decent guitars, effects pedals, drum kits, synthesizers, sophisticated PA systems or recording studios! The first ever Rock events in Sri Lanka revolved around bands such as "The Unwanted Generation", "Graveyard" and "Coffin Nail" featuring such musicians as Prins Jayaratnam, Chris Dhasan, Nimal Gunawardena, Ramesh Weeratunga, Imtiaz Hameed and Kumar Navaratnam responsible for organizing extravagant rock concerts featuring multiple Sri Lankan bands who introduced Colombo's wide eyed and newly hatched youth culture to the underground sounds streaming in from the UK and the US. The "Wall Band and Gun Chorus" that centered on a well known neighbourhood hangout in Colombo 6 spawned a lot of the aforesaid musicians.
A few years later, another important milestone was attained with the formation of "Cancer," the first ever Sri Lankan band that took the initial step of composing and playing its own material. Led by Prasanna Abeysekera and his brother Ranil, together with a cast of musicians that included Brian Knower, Leo Pasquale, Sumedha Kulatunga and sundry other enthusiasts, "Cancer" defiantly rocked to a different beat.
One that they could truly call their own. However, the lack of recording facilities and a proper medium to spread the band's original output ensured that only a tiny handful would appreciate their attempts at creating a Sri Lankan rock identity.
"Cancer" and their ilk, did find a regular hangout where they and like minded bands could rehearse and showcase their abilities to the true believers, within the suitably run down walls of "Koko's", – the closest local equivalent to a rock venue located in Thimbirigasyaya.
Hard on the heels of "Cancer" came influential acts including "Rattlesnake" and "Venom" who for the most part, played hard rock covers and helped to keep the music alive through the gigs that took place at "Koko's and other venues. The late 70's saw a notable change in the rock scene with the emergence of a whole new generation of bands with a different agenda- Punk Rock and new wave bands and songwriters reintroduced high energy and a DIY work ethic that flew in the face of established mainstream acts throughout Europe and the US.
Largely unaffected by these changes, Sri Lanka's Rock bands soldiered on until many of the pioneering musicians emigrated or found themselves with little or no time to pursue music as family and economic demands focused their attention away from power chords and heavy riffs. Rock Company itself wound to a close in the late 80's and the decade that followed saw the music being just about kept alive by a handful of devotees along with Rattlesnake, Venom, Cancer and Brass Face.
Sri Lanka now has a significant underground metal and hard rock community, which is growing in popularity among upper-middle-class teenagers and young adults. Some internationally known Sri Lankan metal bands include Stigmata, Paranoid Earthling, Plecto Aliquem Capite. Many other bands too have emerged ever since the 1990s making the heavy metal underground much bigger. While Colombo is a breeding ground for many hard rock bands like Stigmata, Kandy gave birth to the pioneer grunge outfit Paranoid Earthling, which was the first rock band to emerge from the Hill Capital. Kandy is also the stronghold for black metal bands like "Forlorn Hope" "Pariah Demise" "Necro Horde" "Goatmunition" and some doom metal bands as well.
In September 2019, Sri Lanka's first Metal album by a female – Fountain of Memory was released by Shehara Jayatilaka Napoleon.
References[edit]
- ^ Ranasinha, Ravindra. "Traditional Drums in Sri Lanka". Entertainment Scene 360. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
- ^ "The Portuguese in Sri Lanka (1505-1658)". Virtual Library – Sri Lanka. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
- ^ The Percussive Force
- ^ "Music of Sri Lanka can be divided into seven categories as seen today". Sri Lanka music. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
- ^ "Naadro".
- ^ Sri Lanka News | Sundayobserver.lk Archived 3 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Montage – Cultural paradigm | Sundayobserver.lk – Sri Lanka Archived 26 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Features | Online edition of Daily News – Lakehouse Newspapers Archived 11 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Sri Lankan Music Instrument & sounds Archived 11 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Balonek, Michael T (2011). Sri Lankan Drumming: The Thammattama. CreateSpace. ISBN 978-1466300330.
- ^ Ondaatje, Christopher (14 July 2013). "Soul of the Island". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- ^ "Thalampata". Lakpura. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- ^ "Horanawa". Lakpura. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- ^ Sirr, Charles Henry (1850). Ceylon and the Cingalese: Their History, Government and Religion. London: William Shoberl. p. 260.
- ^ Evers, Hans Dieter (1972). Monks, Priests and Peasants: A Study of Buddhism and Social Structure in Central Ceylon. Brill Archive.
- ^ Clough, Rev. B. (1887). Sinhalese English Dictionary (6th ed.). Hauz Khas Village, Madras (Now Chennai), New Dehli: Gautam Jetley. p. 722. ISBN 81-206-0105-X. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
- ^ a b Alison Arnold, ed. (1998). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent. Taylor & Francis. p. 964. ISBN 9780824049461.
- ^ (8 March 2015)'highest sale for an instrumental'.The Sunday Times. Retrieved 8 February 2015
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 10 October 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Daily News (21 February 2017). "Immortal mission". Retrieved 21 February 2017
- ^ "Tanya Ekanayaka". Naxos.com. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- ^ "Dr Tanya releases third solo album – Piano performances amid the pandemic". www.dailynews.lk. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- ^ "Lanka Music Archive".
- ^ "When Ceylon ruled the airwaves". The Hindu. January 2006.
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