Skip to main content

Nikolaj Velimirović

Nikolaj Velimirović

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Saint

Nikolaj Velimirović
Епископ Николай (Велимирович).JPG
Holy Bishop
BornNikola Velimirović
4 January 1881
Lelić, Serbia
Died18 March 1956(1956-03-18) (aged 75)
South Canaan, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Venerated inEastern Orthodox Church
Canonized24 May 2003 by Serbian Orthodox Church
Major shrineLelić monastery, Serbia
Feast3 May (O.S. 20 May)[1][2]
AttributesVested as a bishop

Nikolaj Velimirović (Serbian Cyrillic: Николај Велимировић; 4 January 1881 [O.S. 23 December 1880] – 18 March [O.S. 5 March] 1956) was bishop of the eparchies of Ohrid and Žiča (1920–1956) in the Serbian Orthodox Church. An influential theological writer and a highly gifted orator, he was often referred to as the new John Chrysostom[3] and historian Slobodan G. Markovich calls him "one of the most influential bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the twentieth century".[4]

As a young man, he came close to dying of dysentery and decided that he would dedicate his life to God if he survived. He lived and was tonsured as a monk under the name Nikolaj in 1909. He was ordained into the clergy, and quickly became an important leader and spokesperson for the Serbian Orthodox Church, especially in its relations with the West. When Nazi Germany occupied Yugoslavia in World War II, Velimirović was imprisoned and eventually taken to Dachau concentration camp.

After being liberated by the Allies at the end of the war, he chose not to return to Yugoslavia (which became a Socialist republic after the war). He moved to the United States in 1946, where he remained until his death in 1956. He strongly supported the unity of all Orthodox churches and established particularly good relationships with the Anglican and Episcopal Church.[5]

On 24 May 2003, he was canonized as a saint by the Holy Synod of the Serbian Orthodox Church as Saint Nikolaj of Ohrid and Žiča (Свети Николај Охридски и Жички) though he is often[citation needed] referred to as Saint Nikolaj of Serbia (Свети Николај Српски).

Biography[edit]

Childhood[edit]

He was born as Nikola Velimirović in the small village of Lelić, Valjevo in the Principality of Serbia,[6] on the day of the feast of Saint Naum of Ohrid, whose monastery would later be his episcopal see. He was the first of nine children born to Dragomir and Katarina Velimirović (née Filipović), pious farmers. Being very weak, he was baptised soon after his birth in the Ćelije monastery, where his relics are now resting. He was given the name Nikola because Saint Nicholas was the family's patron saint. The first lessons about God, Jesus Christ, the lives of the saints and the holy days of the Church year were provided to him by his mother, who also regularly took him to the Ćelije monastery for prayer and Holy Communion.[7]

Education[edit]

Velimirović as a student

His formal education also began in the Ćelije monastery and continued in Valjevo. He applied for admission into the Military Academy, but was refused because he didn't pass the physical exam. He was admitted to the Seminary of Saint Sava in Belgrade, where, apart from the standard subjects, he explored a significant number of writings of both Eastern and Western authors, such as Shakespeare, Voltaire, Nietzsche, Marx, Pushkin, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, and others.[8] He graduated in 1905.[7]

Nikola had been chosen to become a professor in the Seminary of Saint Sava, but it was decided that he needed to pursue further Orthodox studies before becoming a teacher. As an outstanding student, he was chosen to continue his studies in Russia and Western Europe. He had a gift for languages and soon possessed a good knowledge of Russian, French and German. He attended the Theological Academy in St. Petersburg and then he went to Switzerland and obtained his doctorate of divinity from the Old Catholic Theological Faculty at the University of Berne with magna cum laude.[7][4]

He received his doctorate in Theology in 1908, with the dissertation entitled Faith in the Resurrection of Christ as the Foundation of the Dogmas of the Apostolic Church. This original work was written in German and published in Switzerland in 1910, and later translated into Serbian. The dissertation for his doctor's degree in philosophy was prepared at Oxford and defended in Geneva, in French. The title was Berkeley's Philosophy.

His stay in Britain left an impact on his views and education, which is seen from the fact that he quotes or mentions Charles Dickens, Lord Byron, John Milton, Charles Darwin, Thomas Carlyle, Shakespeare and George Berkeley.[4]

Monastic life[edit]

In the autumn of 1909, Nikola returned home and became seriously ill with dysentery. He decided that if he recovered he would become a monk and devote his life to God. At the end of 1909 his health got better and he was tonsured a monk, receiving the name Nikolaj.[9] He was soon ordained a hieromonk and then elevated to the rank of Archimandrite. In 1910 he was entrusted with a mission to Great Britain in order to gain the co-operation of the Church of England in educating the young students who had been evacuated when the Austrian, German and Bulgarian forces threatened to overwhelm the country.

Missions during World War I[edit]

In his lifetime, Father Nikolaj visited the USA four times. He visited Britain in 1910. He studied English and was capable of addressing an audience and making a strong impression on the listeners. Shortly after the outbreak of World War I this contributed to his appointment by the Serbian government to a mission in the United States. In 1915, as an unknown Serbian monk, he toured most of the major U.S. cities, where he held numerous lectures, fighting for the union of the Serbs and South Slavic peoples. This mission gained ground: America sent over 20,000 volunteers to Europe, most of whom later fought on the Salonika front. During Velimirović's US-campaign occurred the great retreat of the Serbian Army through the mountains of Albania. He embarked home in 1916; as his country was now in enemy hands, he went to Britain instead. Not only did he fulfill his mission, but he was also awarded a Doctorate of Divinity honoris causa from the University of Cambridge.[10]

He gave a series of notable lectures at St. Margaret's, Westminster, and preached in St. Paul's Cathedral, making him the first Orthodox Christian to preach at St Paul's.[11] Professor at the Faculty of Orthodox Theology Bogdan Lubardić has identified three phases in the development of Velimirovich's ideas: the pre-Ohrid phase (1902–1919), the Ohrid phase (1920–1936), and the post-Ohrid phase (1936–1956).[4]

Bishop[edit]

Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović in Ohrid with the company of Princess Ljubica in 1928

In 1919, Archimandrite Nikolaj was consecrated Bishop of Žiča[10] but did not remain long in that diocese, being asked to take over the office of Bishop in the Eparchy of Ohrid (1920-1931) and Eparchy of Ohrid and Bitola (1931-1936) in southern parts of Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In 1920, for the third time, he journeyed again to the United States, this time on a mission to organize the Serbian Orthodox Diocese of North America.[12] He made another trip to the United States in 1927.[13]

The 1930s[edit]

German Chancellor Adolf Hitler awarded him with a civil medal in 1935 for his contribution in 1926 in renovation of the WWI German military cemetery in Bitola.[14] In 1936, he finally resumed his original office of Bishop in the Eparchy of Žiča, returning to the Monastery of Žiča not far distant from Valjevo and Lelić, where he was born. Anti-Jewish and anti-Judaic views are visible in his literary works from the 1920s and 1930s. In his literary work the Jews are mentioned as murderers of Christ and the satanic people who betrayed the God. According to Jovan Byford, Velimirović's philosophy in 1939 got racist overtone typical of the time, as he considered the Serbs to be of "Aryan race".[15]

Detention and imprisonment in World War II[edit]

During World War II, in 1941, as soon as the German forces occupied Yugoslavia, Bishop Nikolaj was arrested by the Nazis in the Monastery of Žiča, after which he was confined in the Monastery of Ljubostinja. Later he was transferred to the Monastery of Vojlovica (near Pančevo) in which he was confined together with the Serbian Patriarch Gavrilo V until the end of 1944. On 15 September 1944, both Patriarch Gavrilo V (Dožić) and Bishop Nikolaj were sent to Dachau concentration camp, which was at that time the main concentration camp for clerics arrested by the Nazis. Both Velimirović and Dožić were held as special prisoners (Ehrenhäftlinge) imprisoned in the so-called Ehrenbunker (or Prominentenbunker) separated from the work camp area, together with high-ranking Nazi enemy officers and other prominent prisoners whose arrests had been dictated by Hitler directly.[16]

In August 1943 German general Hermann Neubacher became special emissary of the German Foreign Office for Southeastern Europe. From 11 September 1943, he was also made responsible for Albania. In December 1944 as part of a settlement of Neubacher with Milan Nedić and Dimitrije Ljotić Germans were release Velimirović and Dožić who were transferred from Dachau to Slovenia, as the Nazis attempted to make use of Patriarch Gavrilo's and Nikolaj's authority among the Serbs in order to gain allies in the anti-Communist movements.[17] Contrary to claims of torture and abuse at the camp, Patriarch Dožić testified himself that both he and Velimirović were treated normally.[18] During his stay in Slovenia, Velimirović blessed volunteers of Dimitrije Ljotić and other collaborators and war criminals such as Dobroslav Jevđević and Momčilo Đujić.[19] In the final years of World War II in the book "Reči srpskom narodu kroz tamnički prozor" he says they the Jews condemned and killed Christ "suffocated by the stinking spirit of Satan", and further he writes that "Jews proved to be worse opponents of God than the pagan Pilate", "Devil teaches them so, their father", "the Devil taught them how to rebel against the Son of God, Jesus Christ."[20] Later, Velimirović and Patriarch Gavrilo (Dožić) were moved to Austria, and were finally liberated by the US 36th Infantry Division in Tyrol in 1945.[7]

Immigration and Last Years[edit]

After the war he never returned to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, but after spending some time in Europe, he finally immigrated as a refugee to the United States in 1946. There, in spite of his health problems, he continued his missionary work, for which he is considered An Apostle and Missionary of the New Continent (quote by Fr. Alexander Schmemann), and has also been enlisted as an American Saint[21] and included on the icons and frescoes All American Saints.[22][23]

His books were banned by the Yugoslav communist government in 1947.[24]

He taught at several Orthodox Christian seminaries such as St. Sava's Seminary (Libertyville, Illinois), Saint Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary and Monastery (South Canaan, Pennsylvania), and St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary (now in Crestwood, New York).

Literary criticism[edit]

Amfilohije Radović points out that part of his success lies in his high education and ability to write well and his understanding of European culture.[25]

Velimirović is viewed as less original[clarification needed] by non-theologians. Literary critic Milan Bogdanović claims that everything Velimirović wrote after his Ohrid years did nothing more than paraphrase Orthodox canon and dogma. Bogdanović views him as a conservative who glorified the Church and its ceremonies as an institution.[26] Others claim he brought little novelty into Orthodox thought.[27] This, however, is explained by true Orthodox thought, because, as Saint John of Damascus writes, "It is for that reason that I say (teach) nothing of what is mine. I briefly express the thoughts and words passed down by Godly and wise men."[28] This is the consensus of Orthodox thought, which is to preserve what has always been taught by Christ, the Apostles, and the Church. Even the Scriptures say, "But though we, or an angel from heaven, preach any other gospel unto you than that which we have preached unto you, let him be accursed" (Galatians 1:8).[29] The goal in Orthodoxy is not to create "new" thought, but to preserve Holy Tradition handed down by divine revelation.[30]

Posthumous[edit]

Painting of bishop Nikolaj by Ljubomir Simonović

Velimirović died on 18 March 1956, while in prayer at the foot of his bed before the Liturgy, at the Russian Orthodox Monastery of St. Tikhon in South Canaan Township, Wayne County, Pennsylvania. He was buried near the tomb of poet Jovan Dučić at the Monastery of St. Sava at Libertyville, Illinois. After the fall of communism, his remains were ultimately re-buried in his home town of Lelić on 12 May 1991, next to his parents and his nephew, Bishop Jovan Velimirović. On 19 May 2003, the Holy Assembly of Bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church recognized Bishop Nikolaj (Velimirović) of Ohrid and Žiča as a saint and decided to include him into the calendar of saints of Holy Orthodox Church (5 and 18 March).[1][2][9]

Views[edit]

Allegations of antisemitism[edit]

Several of Nikolaj Velimirović's writings and public speeches have been identified by historians as containing antisemitic rhetoric and/or hate speech directed at Jews.[31][32][33]

Notably, the first written record of Velimirović's antisemitic beliefs comes over a decade before the start of World War II and his stay at the Dachau concentration camp. In fact, the first chronicled case of Velimirović expressing antisemitic beliefs dates back to a 1927 sermon delivered in the United States.[34]

From the 1927 sermon titled "A Story about the Wolf and the Lamb," Velimirović's proclamations are summarized by social psychologist Jovan Byford:

In his take on the well known Christian parable about the wolf and the lamb, Velimirović referred to "Jewish leaders in Jerusalem" at the time of the crucifixion as "wolves," whose thirst for blood of the Lamb of God was motivated by their "god-hating nationalism."[34]

Byford's summary of Velimirović's "A Story about the Wolf and the Lamb" is significant for it serves as evidence that Velimirović may have utilized biblical undertones and Christian parable as a means of 'validating' his antisemitic statements to his followers. An interview that Jovan Byford conducted with Mladen Obradović (leader of Serbian far-right political organization Obraz) may suggest that this explanation still persists among some members of Serbian Orthodox society. A contemporary defender of Velimirović's reputation and saint status, Obradović defends the antisemitic writings of Velimimirović by stating that Velimirović's words only echo what had been written in early Christian texts:[35]

You have the very words of the Lord Jesus Christ when he says to the Pharisees that they are a "brood of vipers" or that their father is the Devil; Bishop Nikolaj merely quotes the Gospels.[35]

In a speech delivered in 1936 at the Žica Monastery in Serbia, Velimirović spoke out against what he perceived to be a Jewish threat to Christianity in front of a distinguished audience that included Yugoslavian Prime Minister Milan Stojadinović. Velimirović used specific lines of this speech to accuse Jews of leading a secretive, coordinated effort against Christianity and "faith in real God".[36]

Velimirović's writing in Words to the Serbian People Through the Prison Window is generally seen as the strongest evidence of the canonized Bishop holding antisemitic beliefs. Notably, many proponents of Velimirović's ideology suggest that the work is not definitive evidence of the Bishop's true ideology and beliefs about Jews and Judaism because they claim that it was written under duress during his time at Dachau.[37] The excerpts from Velimirović's Words to the Serbian People Through the Prison Window that attract the most attention from scholars studying antisemitism are quoted in Jovan Byford's Denial and Repression of Antisemitism: Post-Communist Remembrance of the Serbian Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović as follows:

The Devil teaches them [Jews]; the Devil taught them how to stand against the son of God, Jesus Christ. The Devil taught them through the centuries how to fight against the sons of Christ, against the children of light, against the followers of the Gospel and eternal life [Christians]. [...][36]

Europe knows nothing other than what Jews serve up as knowledge. It believes nothing other than what Jews order it to believe. It knows the value of nothing until Jews impose their own measure of values […] all modern ideas including democracy, and strikes, and socialism, and atheism, and religious tolerance, and pacifism, and global revolution, and capitalism, and communism are the inventions of Jews, or rather their father, the Devil.[38]

Additionally, Jovan Byford identifies the antisemitic ideology of Velimirović in the work, Indian Letters in which the figure of a Jewish woman portrays Satan.[38] Notably, this example of Velimirović's antisemitic portrayal is again linked to conspiracy as Velimirović describes the woman as standing for, "all destructive and secret associations plotting against Christianity, religion, and the state."[38]

Despite accusations of antisemitism, it is recorded that Velimirović protected a Jewish family by facilitating their escape from Nazi-occupied Serbia. Ela Trifunović (Ela Nayhaus), wrote to the Serbian Orthodox Church in 2001, claiming that she had spent 18 months hiding in the Ljubostinja monastery to which she was smuggled by Velimirović, guarded and later helped move on with false papers.[39] Historians inclined to side with the view that Velimirović's writings prove that he held antisemitic beliefs note that this one incidence of the Bishop saving a Jewish family is commonly exaggerated by pro-Velimirović groups as evidence of his universal kindness and selflessness against the several confirmed antisemitic writings tied to Velimirović.[40]

Views on Germans and Hitler[edit]

Adolf Hitler decorated Nikolaj Velimirović in 1935 for his contributions to the restoration of a German military cemetery in Bitola in 1926.[41] Some claim that the order was returned in protest at German aggression in 1941.[42]

In a treatise on St. Sava in 1935, he supported Hitler's treatment of the German national church[43] and is quoted as saying:

However, a due respect is to be to the current German Leader, who being a simple craftsman and a man from the people, realized that nationalism without faith is an anomaly, a cold and insecure mechanism. And so, in the XX century, he came to the idea of Saint Sava, and as a layman undertook among his people that most important work, befitting a saint, a genius and a hero. And for us that work has been accomplished by Saint Sava, the first among the saints, the first among the geniuses and the first among the heroes in our history. He accomplished it perfectly, he accomplished it without fight and without blood, and he accomplished it not yesterday or the day before, but 700 years ago.[44]

In spite of accusations of collaboration leveled during Communist times, some of Velimirović's actions and writings were directed against the Germans who got suspicious of him when he supported the coup in April 1941.[45] They suspected him of collaborating with the Chetniks and formally arrested him and kept him first in Ljubostinja Monastery in 1941 and then in 1944 in Dachau concentration camp.

In Dachau, he was imprisoned in Ehrenbunker, together with other clergy and high-ranking Nazi enemy officers, and was allowed to wear his own religious clothes, having access to the officer's canteen. It is claimed that he was never tortured and had access to officers' medical services. Contrary to the reports that Velimirović was liberated when the Americans' 36th Division reached Dachau, both he and Patriarch Dožić were actually released in November 1944, having spent three months in the camp. They travelled to Slovenia, from where Velimirovic continued first to Austria then to United States.[46]

Views on Ljotić[edit]

Velimirović had a high opinion of Dimitrije Ljotić, a Serbian fascist politician and German collaborationist.[47]

In an interview given in the United States in 1953, Velimirović claimed that he was the spiritual gray eminence behind the nationalist and collaborating extreme-right ZBOR organization.[48] The military arm of that organization (SDK - Srpski Dobrovoljački Korpus - Serbian Volunteer Corps) was fighting against both Partisans and Chetniks in World War II and was responsible for numerous civilian executions in Serbia of both Serbs and other nationals (Jews, Roma, etc.) When the leader of ZBOR, Dimitrije Ljotić, was arrested in 1940 by the Yugoslav government, Velimirović protested in a letter to the PM, Dragiša Cvetković.[49] Velimirović attended Ljotić's funeral in 1945 and spoke very positively of him even though it was already known that Ljotić was collaborating with the Germans. He spoke of Ljotić as an "ideologue of Serbian nationalism".[50]

Legacy[edit]

Monument to Nikolaj Velimirović in Šabac

A monastery is named after him in China, Michigan.

Porfirije, Serbian Patriarch stated that he is one of the three most notable Serb theologians to be recognized internationally.[51]

Velimirović is included in the book The 100 most prominent Serbs.[52]

Selected works[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas (ROCOR). St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004. St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p.22.
  2. ^ a b "03 May 2017". Eternal Orthodox Church Calendar. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  3. ^ Commemorated 5/18 March (+1956). "Life of St. Nikolai Velimirovich". Orthodoxinfo.com. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d Markovich, Slobodan G. (2017). "Activities of Father Nikolai Velimirovich in Great Britain during the Great War". Balcanica (48): 143–190. doi:10.2298/BALC1748143M.
  5. ^ The Living Church. Morehouse-Gorham Company. 1946.
  6. ^ Milorad Tomanić, Srpska crkva u ratu i ratovi u njoj, p44
  7. ^ a b c d "Saint Nikolaj (Velimirovic) - Canadian Orthodox History Project". orthodoxcanada.ca. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  8. ^ Milorad Tomanić, Srpska crkva u ratu i ratovi u njoj, p45
  9. ^ a b Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha. OCA - Lives of the Saints.
  10. ^ a b Bank, Jan and Gevers, Lieve. Churches and Religion in the Second World War, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016, ISBN 9781472504807, p. 267
  11. ^ Markovich, Slobodan G. (2017). "Activities of Father Nikolai Velimirovich in Great Britain during the Great War". Balcanica (XLVIII): 143–190. doi:10.2298/BALC1748143M.
  12. ^ The Outlook Magazine carried a story about Bishop Nikolaj after visiting the United States in their 23 February 1921 issue (pp. 285–86)
  13. ^ Living Age, Vol. 335-36, 1928-29
  14. ^ Byford 2005, p. 32.
  15. ^ Byford 2005, p. 30,171.
  16. ^ Leisner, Karl. Priesterweihe und Primiz im KZ Dachau, pg. 183, LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, 2004; ISBN 3825872777, 9783825872779
  17. ^ Byford 2005, p. 35.
  18. ^ Glasnik Pravoslavne Crkve, July 1946, pp 66-67. Also in Dožić G., Memoari patrijarha srpskog Gavrila (Beograd: Sfairos 1990), entries for December 1944.
  19. ^ Byford 2005, pp. 35–36.
  20. ^ Byford 2005, pp. 30–31.
  21. ^ "List of American Orthodox saints". OrthodoxWiki.org. 5 June 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  22. ^ "Conciliar Press - All American Saints - 8 x 10 Icon". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
  23. ^ "All Saints of North America | Flickr - Photo Sharing!". Flickr. 27 April 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  24. ^ Randelić, Zdenko (2006). Hrvatska u Jugoslaviji 1945. – 1991: od zajedništva do razlaza. Zagreb: Školska knjiga. pp. 156–157. ISBN 953-0-60816-0. 978-953-0-60816-0.
  25. ^ Radović, A. "Bogočovječanski etos Valdike Nikolaja" in Jevtić, A., Sveti Vladika Nikolaj Ohridski i Žicki (Kraljevo, Žiča 2003)
  26. ^ Bogdanovic, M, Knjizevene Kritike I (Beograd 1931), p. 78.
  27. ^ Djordjevic, M, "Povratak propovednika", Republika No. 143-144, July 1996.
  28. ^ "Saint Nicodemos Publications". Saintnicodemos.org. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  29. ^ "Galatians 1 KJV". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  30. ^ Cleopa, Elder. "On Holy Tradition: Ch. 3 from The Truth of Our Faith". Orthodoxinfo.com. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  31. ^ Sekelj, L. (1997). "Antisemitism and Jewish Identity in Serbia". Analysis of Current Trends in Antisemitism. Hebrew University of Jerusalem., acta no. 12
  32. ^ Byford, J. (2004). "From traitor to saint in public memory: the case of Serbian Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović´". Analysis of Current Trends in Antisemitism. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem., acta no. 22
  33. ^ Kostic, S. (29 May 2003). "Sporno slovo u crkvenom kalendaru". Vreme No. 647.
  34. ^ a b Byford 2008, p. 43.
  35. ^ a b Byford 2008, p. 175.
  36. ^ a b Byford 2008, pp. 43–44.
  37. ^ Byford 2008, p. 77.
  38. ^ a b c Byford 2008, p. 45.
  39. ^ Свети Владика Николај Охридски и Жички, (Holy Bishop Nikolaj of Ohrid and Žiča)(Žiča Monastery, Kraljevo 2003), p. 179
  40. ^ Byford 2008, pp. 162–163.
  41. ^ Byford 2008, p. 47.
  42. ^ See letter "Poveli ste se za mišljenjem Filipa Koena" in Danas, 27 July 2002.
  43. ^ Radić, R. Država i verske zajednice 1945-1970 (Institut za noviju istoriju Srbije; Beegrad 1970), p. 80
  44. ^ See "Nationalism of Saint Sava", in Collected Works of Nikolaj Velimirović (Vladimir Maksimović: Belgrade 1996), page 36.
  45. ^ Jevtić, A., "Kosovska misao i opredeljenje Episkopa Nikolaja", Glas crkve, 1988, No. 3, p. 24
  46. ^ Byford 2008, p. 55.
  47. ^ Subotic, D., Episkop Nikolaj i Pravoslavni Bogomoljacki Pokret (Nova Iskra, beograd 1996), p. 195 et al. Also Byford, J, "Potiskivanje i poricanje antisemtizma", Helsinški odbor za ljudska prava, Beograd, Ogledi, Br. 6, p. 33 and Martić, M., 1980, "Dimitrije Ljotić and the Yugoslav National Movement Zbor, 1935-1945" in "East European Quarterly," Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 219-39.
  48. ^ Popov, N. (1993) Srpski populizam od marginalne do dominantne pojave. (Serbian populism from a marginal to a dominant phenomenon). Vreme 133:1–35. More on Velimirović and Ljotić also in Cohen, P., Riesman, D, Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History (Texas A&M University Press 1997), Chapter I, page 21 (also note 95), page 26, page 59
  49. ^ Janković, M., Vladika Nikolaj: život, misao i delo, (Bishop Nikolaj: his life, thought and work). 3 vols. (Valjevo: Eparhija Šabačko–Valjevska 2002)
  50. ^ Kostić, B. (1991). Za Istoriju Naših Dana: Odlomci iz zapisa za vreme okupacije (For the history of our days: extracts from a diary at the time of the occupation). Beograd: Nova Iskra and Subotić, D. (1993). Pravoslavlje između Istoka i Zapada u bogoslovnoj misli Nikolaja Velimirovića i Justina Popovića [Orthodoxy between East and West in the religious thought of Nikolaj Velimirović and Justin Popović]. In Čovek i Crkva u Vrtlogu Krize: Šta nam nudi pravoslavlje danas? [Man and Church in the vortex of crisis: What can Orthodoxy offer us today?], ed. G. Živković. Valjevo: Glas Crkve.
  51. ^ Beta, Agencija (6 March 2021). "Patrijarh Porfirije o episkopu Atanasiju: "I kada smo sa njim igrali fudbal i kada nas je vodio na Svetu Goru bio je tamo gde i sveti oci"". Nedeljnik. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  52. ^ 100 najznamenitijih Srba (in Serbian). Princip. 1993. ISBN 978-86-82273-01-1.

Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

Eastern Orthodox Church titles
Preceded by Bishop of Žiča
1919–1920 		Succeeded by
Recreated
Title last held by
Chrysostom Kavourides
as Metropolitan of Pelagonia 		Bishop of Ohrid
1920–1931 		Eparchy of Ohrid merged with that of Bitola
New diocese
Eparchies of Ohrid and Bitola merged
 Bishop of Ohrid and Bitola
1931–1936 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Bishop of Žiča
1936–1956 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolaj_Velimirović&oldid=1116326907"

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Jacques Rancière

Image
Jacques Rancière From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from Jacques Ranciere ) Jump to navigation Jump to search French philosopher Jacques Rancière Born ( 1940-06-10 ) 10 June 1940 (age 81) Algiers , French Algeria (present-day Algiers, Algeria ) Nationality French Alma mater École Normale Supérieure Era 20th- / 21st-century philosophy Region Western philosophy School Continental philosophy Structural Marxism Institutions University of Paris VIII Main interests Political philosophy , aesthetics , philosophy of history , philosophy of education , cinema Notable ideas Theories of democracy, disagreement, the Visual, [1] "part of no part" [2] Influences Plato , Aristotle , Marx , Althusser , Foucault , Lacan , Lyotard , Badiou , Arendt , Lefort Influenced Laclau , Žižek , Critchley , Bernard Aspe , Kristin Ross , Todd May , Levi Bryant , Jodi Dean , Gabriel ...
Read more

Electronic keyboard

Image
Electronic keyboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Musical instrument "Portable keyboard" redirects here. For portable typing keyboards, see Wireless keyboard . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources:   "Electronic keyboard"  –  news   · newspapers   · books   · scholar   · JSTOR ( September 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Yamaha PSR-290 electronic keyboard A MIDI song played on a Casio electronic keyboard An electronic keyboard , portable keyboard , or digital keyboard is an electronic musical instrument , an electronic derivative of keyboard instruments . [1] Electronic keyboards include synthesizers , digital pianos , stage...
Read more

Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Countries/Proposal 1

Image
Wikipedia talk : WikiProject Countries/Proposal 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia < Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Countries Jump to navigation Jump to search This is a demonstration of some formatting ideas I had. Click here for the real Australia article. Australia is both the name of the world's smallest continent , and the short form of the Commonwealth of Australia . The Commonwealth of Australia is the sixth largest country in the world (geographically), the only one to occupy an entire continent, and the largest in Australasia . New Zealand is to to the southeast; Papua New Guinea , West Papua and Timor Leste to its north, and Indonesia northwest. The name 'Australia' comes from the Latin phrase terra australis incognita ("unknown southern land", see Terra Australis ). Commonwealth of Australia ( In Detail ) National motto : None Official language ...
Read more